International student essay Essay

The relations between the agents of different societies, either social or affordable become more grounded as time passes because of the globalization. As I would like to think, the chance to become acquainted with different societies and ways of life through correspondence with its delegates is priceless, as no books, motion pictures or reports about the picked nation, can present such finish and exact data, as individuals can. The conditions were that China turned into the nation were I got my first genuine working experience, subsequent to graduating with a significant in Chinese and English from the acclaimed Daewon Foreign Language High School. I went through two years working in this nation, and that was the point at which I got keen on China, in the open doors that the differing and numerous populaces of these state presents to the specialist, in the eccentricities and innovations of its quickly developing economy. That was the point at which I felt that Chinese financial matters was developing, and I understood it had the potential for turning into the world’s greatest and most impressive one. It was than that I believed I was keen on building up business connections and working in that nation. Thinking about these realities, I feel I might want to concentrate with an individual who experienced childhood in China, in an express, whose social framework and economy are totally different from that in my nation of birthplace. My supposition is that for to work effectively in a remote nation, you ought to be all around familiar with its language, social examples, and the lifestyle, as they impact business straightforwardly. Correspondence with the individual who spent his/her adolescence and youth in the nation of my advantage would assist me with having a knowledge into the points of interest of life in China. Tragically, in the here and now I have little chances of rehearsing Chinese, and concentrating with an individual of Chinese inception would likewise improve my language aptitudes. I accept that individuals can and, also, should concentrate from one another, share their encounters, as it is the most helpful approach to get the most important down to earth information. I trust that while concentrating in the University of Texas in Austin both my colleagues and I will get an opportunity to profit by correspondence with understudies with different social and scholarly foundations.

Building Rapport By Listening English Language Essay

Building Rapport By Listening English Language Essay PR individuals need a couple of hypotheses and models to help get to holds with the master plan and why correspondences matters. Yet, for the greater part of us we have to continue ahead with it and have the option to convey material outcomes. Here we take a gander at a portion of the down to earth abilities we have to ace so as to carry out the responsibility well. In the event that we take a gander at sets of expectations for PR and correspondences experts, the aptitudes required can be arranged into three general gatherings Preparation Skills Composing Skills Introduction Skills At long last being self-assured is basic for any expert and PR professionals especially need this ability in their job as specialists so well gander at this as a down to earth aptitude. Preparation Skills Building affinity by tuning in, addressing and perception of non-verbal communication As specialized experts we are likely, through our vocations, to work with a wide assortment of individuals, especially partners and customers. We may likewise need to direct research with target crowds, by talking them on a balanced or little gathering premise. We may likewise need to work with and talk with case history subjects so as to acquire material to review subsequently. So skilful addressing and tuning in, alongside able note and moment taking, are altogether fundamental abilities. We may take a brief in a loose and steady condition on a part of business that requires an arranged and proactive interchanges procedure. Or on the other hand we may take a preparation when an issue has gone live or an episode has occurred where individuals are hurried, on edge and concerned, where we are relied upon to concoct an expert, quick receptive reaction. A few briefings are amazing and all the data is there: a composed rendition supplements a verbal instructions; there is finished transparency; questions are addressed completely. Different briefings are incomplete, slender on detail, suppositions are made, the verbal preparation is ineffectively conveyed, and once in a while the individual taking the brief is and feels less senior thus conceivably rather scared so the privilege entering inquiries may not be posed or presumptions go unchallenged. Errors get made along these lines subsequently the capacity to deal with an instructions ably is imperative. Tuning in During a preparation we frequently need to get a great deal of data out of individuals rapidly and effectively. What's more, to do this we should be attentive people just as talented examiners. We should have the option to focus on whats being said and to in some cases draw out the main thing. We have to hear what the customer whether an inner or outer customer is on edge about, is amped up for and what the center business issues truly are. Listening is a functioning ability, not an inactive exercise. Listening is more requesting than talking, as far as focus. Since we have occupied existences, we can be diverted by different musings and this can hinder great tuning in. You need to get into the correct outlook to tune in. There are three degrees of tuning in Fringe Listening Done at subliminal level, formal and casual circumstances mixed drink party condition eg at party, eatery Evident Listening We do it all the time seem as though we are tuning in yet not so much focusing Undivided attention Concentrating on the message being transmitted by attempting to comprehend what is being said as well as how and why it is said Deciphering Understanding Assessing Responding Arranging Reacting The vast majority talk at c.125 words every moment except think at multiple times that speed. So audience members have save mental limit (which they could use to make valuable notes) yet which by and by implies they can likewise go off on one, their brains can meander, they dream and are distracted㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦unless they think and listen effectively. Individuals feel irrelevant, immaterial and slighted in the event that they sense their thoughts, concerns, emotions and not being given close consideration or being paid attention to. Be that as it may, not exclusively can the working relationship endure, the ineffectual audience can basically misunderstand things! On the off chance that you pose an inquiry and find the solution you were expecting, you make presumptions thus miss some illuminating, new or extra significant data. In the event that you are caught up with getting your next inquiry together in your brain you wont listen the present answer. Listening admirably Get ready to tune in. On the off chance that you can, do some examination/perusing before you go into an instructions meeting. For instance read a years ago PR program, a yearly report, the most recent media inclusion, etc. Get into the correct outlook Win:Win is the thing that you ought to focus on, regardless of whether past gatherings with those preparation you have been testing. Watch members non-verbal communication and speed of addressing (get hints about zones of concern, earnestness and any uneasiness). Dont make suspicions however watch and check out the individuals in question. Sit to see. An essential point yet having clear visual contact will help focus. Dont overlook that setting your back to the sun implies that the individual youre tuning in to will be unable to see your eyes or outward appearances obviously. In like manner you need to see them obviously as well. We gain quite a lot more data on the off chance that we tune in to non-verbal communication as well. Keep away from interruptions. Aside from stressing over the amount you need to do, different interruptions can meddle with focus; open arrangement workplaces, outer sound, glass dividers, TV screens and cell phones that individuals cannot stand out enough to be noticed away from. Be cautious about these meddling with your fixation when you are tuning in. Show compassion and assemble affinity. At the initial phases of a preparation its valuable to show sympathy so compatibility is worked with the other individual. Sympathy is an endeavor to comprehend the other individual, to see how the individual feels and thinks and sees the world. Its getting a feeling of their point of view. The issue isn't to concur, dissent, or put forth decisions however to make a certifiable attempt to see how the individual preparation you sees the chance or issue. Take a gander at it from their perspective and afterward include your own point of view as an interchanges specialist. Toward the beginning of a gathering utilize comparable or coordinating language and non-verbal communication to help with building affinity. Show you are keen regarding the matter with the goal that the individual instructions you feels increasingly slanted to draw in and impart back. Practice. Accept each open door to rehearse and improve your listening aptitudes. A partner of mine tunes in to Radio Four narratives and afterward reviews key focuses a short time later and incorporates these in her blog entries. Functional dynamic reasonable listening procedures Checking understanding One of the approaches to check your comprehension of what has been said is to utilize criticism. In your own words, rehash back to the speaker what you got her/him to have said. This will: Check your comprehension of whats being said. Help dispense with any unintended messages which the speaker didnt mean. Show your enthusiasm for whats being said. Show that you truly comprehend. Let the speaker consider whats being said. Empower a more clear clarification of complex focuses. For instance, you may hear: Its a touchy circumstance on account of the potential budgetary effect on the business. You could check understanding by reacting: So youre saying that there might be a thump on impact on gainfulness? Re-explanation mirrors a veritable endeavor to comprehend different people perspective and assists with distinguishing any issues that emerge. Summing up This is more than re-proclamation or reflection, it is drawing together the fundamental subjects and key focuses from what you have heard. This office can regularly be basic when the briefer has given a fairly meandering and unintelligible brief. Summing up what you have heard will assist with returning the realities and presumptions. Summing up can likewise: Demonstrate that you have comprehended what has been said. Move the discussion on. Make a powerful break point or end to the gathering. Build up a beginning stage at a resulting meeting. 10 principles for incredible tuning in: Quit talking. Attempt to comfort the briefer, get them to feel that they have your consideration and you will regard their musings. Show that you need to tune in. Look and act intrigued. Evacuate interruptions. Identify with the briefer. Be understanding as far as could reasonably be expected. Screen and supress any drive to pass judgment or advice too early. Stay away from contention and any suggested analysis. Pose inquiries Quit talking! Addressing The capacity to pose extraordinary inquiries is, as I would see it, one of the most essential aptitudes anybody working in interchanges should ace. Extraordinary addressing causes you get the data you need: to set up a sound PR proposition, to comprehend the sentiments, contemplations and sentiments of a partner, to compose an engaged report, to survey a circumstance, to concentrate on the business at hand. The correct inquiries accomplish clearness, advance reflection, upgrade imagination and help work out arrangements. As you get progressively senior and are answerable for training and coaching others, incredible inquiries are a key method to assist individuals with reflecting and learn. Whatever the specific situation, extraordinary inquiries show you are tuning in and focusing regarding your matter. Its not just an issue of the correct inquiries either; its additionally the manner in which you ask them so focus on your manner of speaking and non-verbal communication as well. Utilizing the Right Questioning Style Open inquiries help the other individual characterize the chance or issue and to investigate it. They give genuine data and different people musings and conceivably their emotions behind it. Open inquiries can likewise create thinking and reflection and guarantee that emphasis is kept on the issue. All around planned open inquiries can change what someone looks like at an issue as well and can help recognize moves to make. Open inquiries are constantly a decent spot to begin a conversation or an instructions as they do precisely that open up the exchange. Open inquiries frequently start with What, How, When and Where or

T-Minus Six Days

T-Minus Six Days Yup, its true: CPW 2010 IS ALMOST HERE!!! My poor inbox is struggling under the sudden influx of CPW-related e-mails, and my willpower to study is slowly but surely slipping away. I cant wait until all 1100+ of you get on campus! Its going to be EPIC. As those of you who tuned into the CPW live chat already know, your hosts will be contacting you this coming Sunday or Monday. If you have any questions for your host, have them ready! I was lucky last year in that my host was someone I already knew, but for many of you, that wont be the case. Its not a bad idea to exchange e-mails with your host before you get here, just to get to know them a little better. If youre nice to them, they might be willing to snag a cot for you to sleep on, which means you wont have to lug a sleeping bag halfway across the country or world, whichever it may be :) If youve checked out the CPW website, you will have noticed a list of things to pack. Notice that one of the items listed is a camera. Do NOT forget your camera! I think I came home from CPW last year with close to 200 pictures, and I would have taken more, were it not for the fact that my battery ran out of power and I didnt have my charger. Speaking of which: bring your charger. As far as events go, there are a lottt (over 500? 600?). Overwhelmed as I was by the sheer number of activities and the obvious impossibility of sleep, I attempted to narrow down the events I wanted to attend at last years CPW by ranking them in terms of where Id get the most free stuff. This turned out to be an incredibly fulfilling experience. My total winnings were comprised of seven or so t-shirts (though most of them were at least three sizes too big for me because I apparently fail at pushing my way to the front of the line), a couple key chains, several pens and pencils, a couple squishy stress-relieving things, a laundry bag (hahaha), way too much candy, and a bunch of other stuff that eludes my memory at the moment. When I wasnt trying to hoard free stuff, I spent time cooking a gourmet French dinner at New House, running away from cats at Random Hall (I like dogs more), visiting classes, and attending club/majors fairs. My favorite CPW event was undoubtedly the Closing/Variety show; I know Cam blogged about this earlier, but seriously, MIT a capella groups = amazing. There was also some pretty hardcore juggling and several neat performances by MIT dance groups. Somewhere on my computer, I have a video of basically the entire show, but I wouldnt want to ruin it for you guys ;) Though I admittedly spent most of CPW on campus, I did wander out into Boston a little bit. If you get a chance to explore, I highly recommend it! Boston is one of the most lively cities Ive ever been in; I spent my last day of CPW checking out some of the restaurants, the stores, and just admiring the elegant and historic architecture. As I recall, CPW last year overlapped with the 2009 Boston marathon, so there were quite a few people running alongside the Charles. By quite a few, I mean even more than usual, which, as youll find out, is impressive; there are always people running in Boston. Anyway, thats a quick run down of CPW. Points to remember: 1) Bring a camera, 2) Explore, and 3) Have a blast with your fellow members of the MIT Class of 2014!! Ill see you all soon :)

Book Censorship and Banning of Childrens Books

Many people think that book censorship, challenges and book banning are things that happened in the distant past. That is certainly not the case. You may also remember all of the controversy about the Harry Potter books in the early 2000s. Why Do People Want to Ban Books? When people challenge books it is generally out of a concern that the contents of the book will be harmful to the reader. According to the ALA, there are four motivating factors: Family ValuesReligionPolitical ViewsMinority Rights. The age level for which a book is intended does not guarantee that someone wont try to censor it. Though the emphasis seems to be on challenges to childrens and young adult (YA) books some years more than others, attempts are also continually mounted to restrict access to certain adult books, often books that are taught in high school. Most complaints are made by parents and are directed to public libraries and schools. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The Fight Against Book Censorship When the Harry Potter books came under attack, a number of organizations joined together to establish Muggles for Harry Potter, which became known as kidSPEAK and focused on being a voice for kids in fighting censorship in general. KidSPEAK stressed, Kids have First Amendment rights—and kidSPEAK helps kids fight for them! However, that organization no longer exists. For a good list of organizations that are dedicated to fighting book censorship, just take a look at the list of sponsoring organizations in my article about Banned Books Week. There are more than a dozen sponsors, including the American Library Association, National Council of Teachers of English, American Society of Journalists and Authors and the Association of American Publishers. Parents Against Bad Books in Schools PABBIS (Parents Against Bad Books in Schools), is just one of a number of parent groups around the country challenging childrens and young adult books in classroom teaching, and in school and public libraries. These parents go beyond wanting to restrict access to certain books for their own children; they seek to restrict access for other parents children as well in one of two ways: either by getting one or more books removed from the library shelves or having access to the books restricted in some way. What Do You Think? According to article Public Libraries and Intellectual Freedom on the American Library Association Web site, while it is important and appropriate for parents to oversee their childrens reading and media exposure, and the library has many resources, including booklists, to assist them, it is not appropriate for the library to serve in loco parentis, making judgement calls appropriate for parents in terms of what their children do and do not have access to rather than serving in their capacity as librarians. For More Information About Book Banning and Kids Books ThoughtCo addresses the issue in the article Censorship and Book Banning in America about the controversy surrounding the teaching of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in an 11th Grade American Literature class. Read What Is a Banned Book? and how to save a book from banning by ThoughCo  to learn how you can prevent book censorship.

Homosexuality Nature or Nurture - 1209 Words

Abstract The quest to achieve ultimate unity has become quite the hot topic in present years. In Ryan D. Johnson’s online research article, Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture, an explanation of homosexuality is broken down so the world has a better understanding of homosexuals. As referred to in the title, the origin of homosexuality has been debated to be because of nature or nurture. Basically, are people gay because it’s their personal choice or is it just who they are? The idea behind nurture is that the way one was raised can eventually affect a child’s sexual preference. In the first paragraph of this study, Johnson travels back to ancient Greece claiming that homosexuality has been around for ages, yet the root of the question†¦show more content†¦If there was a weak father figure and a strong motherly figure then homosexuality is said to be more common because the child was unable to overcome their ‘Oedipus syndrome.’ Also the certain roles that are given to children at young ages have a common effect on sexuality, whether they follow a male and female stereotype that is. How a child is raised, what they witness and experience as they grow up all come together under the idea that nurture over nature has a bigger influence on a person’s sexuality. Therefore this article was quite informative about all the research that has been done over the years to determine the nature verse nurture question dealing with homosexuality. The article was not as descriptive with calculations and didn’t go too in-detail about what each experiment entailed but the outcomes gave enough data to let the reader establish their own opinion. Kinsey’s findings claimed that many men were not comfortable with the idea of two men together, but another same-sex relation, being women, didn’t bother them. These ‘facts’ were pretty irrelevant since the experiment was very outdated and didn’t mention wheth er nature or nurturing were involved but just the appeal of being gay. Also it never mentioned how homosexuality came to be, as Kinsey claimed was one of the reasons for the experiment. Hooker did a great analysis to prove that homosexuality was completely not a mental disorder yet a decision of the heart. Swaab’s focus was on how theShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality: Nature or Nurture811 Words   |  3 Pageswith development across the human lifespan is the theory of â€Å"Nature versus Nurture†. It is an unsolved debate that has been around for centuries. It covers a broad spectrum of topics from intelligence to emotions, or in this case homosexuality. Although homosexuality is often thought of as a trait that is â€Å"genetically determined†, many others disagree and argue that it is rather a learned behavior (Lathe, pg. 20) Is it nature or nurture that causes this so-called â€Å"abnormality†? Or does it depend onRead More Homosexuality, Nature or Nurtur e? Essay1911 Words   |  8 PagesHomosexuality, Nature or Nurture? Homosexuality has become a large issue in our lives today. Gay Rights activists have been making their voices heard; this has attracted the attention of the population making them take notice of their cause. The church has not been able to get away from the powerful political and social pressure of homosexuality. Some churches have accepted homosexuality but many still do not accept homosexuals, saying it is unnatural and not what godRead MoreHomosexuality - Nature or Nurture Essay2535 Words   |  11 PagesHomosexuality Nature or Nurture Have you ever wondered what creates a persons sexual preference? Is it possible that their social influences and environment can lead them to certain sexual practices and same sex relationships or could it be that some people have a genetic makeup that makes it completely natural to be attracted to members of the same sex? These questions lead us to the long-lived debate of nature or nurture. Some scientists believe that people behave as they do accordingRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: Homosexuality2002 Words   |  9 Pagescause of sexuality. The whole subject is hidden in darkness’; this is a quote by Charles Darwin which illustrates the fact that your sexual orientation is unknown- this suggests that homosexuality is evolved through the upbringing and personal experiences. Many Social Theorists agree with this and they argue that Nurture is the main factor when considering the reasons behind human sexuality. They also suspect that upbringing and parental and family dy namics has a direct effect on a child s sexualityRead MoreEssay on Homosexuality as Nature or Nurture1936 Words   |  8 PagesHomosexuality as Nature or Nurture Human sexuality has been one of societys most interesting, controversial, debated, and misunderstood topics. It has been the topic of numerous books, essays, documentaries, websites, and television magazine segments. More specifically, homosexuality is probably the most misunderstood aspect of human sexuality. This is mainly due to lack of education, exposure, or just a general close mindedness. Homosexual tendencies are genetically caused, but actingRead MoreHomosexuality: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat people hear about daily in the news, media, and daily lives of others, especially when it comes to the field of psychology and the nature versus nurture debate. For being as commonly debated and discussed as it is, there are many questions that come along with it: what is sexual orientation, how do people know their sexual orientation, what causes homosexuality, is it normal, is it possible to change, and can wanting LGBT, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and tra nsgender, youth to change lead to suicideRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality: Nature Versus Nurture2099 Words   |  9 PagesHOMOSEXUALITY: NATURE VERSUS NURTURE Nature; all things belong to Mother Nature; the trees, the flowers, insects, the great waters, animals, and even the human race; all following the laws of nature that we are instinctively born with. However somewhere along the line something or someone defies those laws and go against what nature intended. Whether or not this rebellion is fostered by nurture, or if there is an exception to the laws that Mother Nature has set forth is a question that psychologistRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture?1275 Words   |  6 Pages Homosexuality is one of the most hot button issues in America today. Everyone has an opinion, some based on religious views others based on other external factors. People are afraid to talk about it because it’s something we don’t actually fully comprehend. This is because it scares people to admit they don’t know something. We need to find out if being a homosexual is something we are born with, or is it something we learn over time. Review of the Research There have been many research studiesRead MoreHomosexuality : Nature And Nature871 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality: Nature or nurture By: Clifnie francois Advance Placement Psychology Mr. Cuetara June 4 2015 Abstract The nature and nature of homosexuality is heavily debated. Some people believe that homosexuality is biologically determined and others believe it’s base on ones environment. This topic can be argue to be base on both nature and nurture. Studies conducted in the past decades support both the biological and environmentalRead MoreDifferences Between Homosexuality and Homosexual Behavior Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality (the tendency to be more sexually attracted to the same sex) is often confused with homosexual behavior (acting on homosexuality by engaging in homosexual acts), but the two are distinctly different. Even though homosexual behavior, especially in more recent years, has become an acceptable standard in our society it is a voluntary act and a sin, but the church has the ongoing responsibility and God-given call to love our neighbors, regardless of their sin because we too are all sinners

Children’s Literature Review Free Essays

Introduction This literature review explores the contemporary assumptions that underpin the theories and criticisms in children’s literature. Although this genre of literature has fairly recently been made into an academic discipline, it has become an increasingly important area in literary scholarship. Criticism of children’s literature has expanded beyond the field of pedagogy and literary studies and has been intersected by numerous other disciplines including psychology, history and queer theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Children’s Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are four main approaches to criticism of children’s literature; firstly, the â€Å"child-centric† approach, which attempts to define books that are inherently ‘good’ for children to read and why. The second approach concentrates on the construction of the child and their identity. The third approach merely focusses on the text itself, and completely disregards the audience in question. The value of the text is therefore measured only through the author’s standard of writing. The final approach focusses on children’s literature as a cultural study, and analyses the genre as an aspect of contemporary culture. This topic can be fairly broad, and as such, this analysis must be narrowed and focussed. This review therefore concentrates on drawing together significant theories and criticisms relating to children’s literature, and does so specifically through means of the second main approach to criticism; analysing how the child and their identity are constructed. Four topics divide the paper and directly relate to my doctoral research: â€Å"The difficulties in defining children’s literature†, â€Å"The rejection of simplistic texts and the underlying ideologies that are present†, â€Å"The problematic colonialism of the child debate that exists within the adult-child relationship† and â€Å"Presenting the postcolonial in children’s texts – defining ‘the other’ and identity in literature†. Defining Children’s Literature – â€Å"The Difficulties† Defining children’s literature can be quite problematic, as one definition can differ extensively from another; depending primarily on the culture in question. For instance, the age range of the ‘child’ can vary from 0-3, 4-6, 7-9 and 10-12 in western culture.[1] Furthermore, the reading level of children is under constant scrutiny, as it can be argued that children have no input in the creation of the texts that they are subject to. In his recent attempt to generate a working definition of this diverse group of texts, Perry Nodelman contends that â€Å"defining children’s literature has been a major activity of criticism throughout its history†.[2] John Rowe Townsend suggests it is impossible to define children’s literature as the possession of ‘the child’: â€Å"Children’s implies that young people own or control a body of texts that are generally written, published, reviewed and bought by adults†.[3] Townsend also suggests abandoning such definitions.[4] Karin Lesnik-Oberstein asserts that there is a faulty grouping of children into one neat category as â€Å"children†, with no regard to their individualism.[5] Oberstein also introduces a paradox within children’s literature that denotes: â€Å"Children’s literature repeatedly refutes this; claiming that ‘individuality’ is its priority above all else†¦ This is precisely the claim which cannot be sustained and is undermined within the field itself†¦ The ‘child’ is an ‘individual’ within the category of ‘childhood’†.[6] The author is suggesting that the literary world deems the child as being part of an autonomous group rather than the child being a ‘young adult’ or moreover, a sentient being. Nodelman observes that although it is difficult to clearly define what is considered children’s literature, it does not mean that some texts do not clearly fall into the category.[7] For instance, classic fairy tales such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs[8] have and always will be judged as part of the child’s canon of literature, if only for its extensive history. In Nodelman’s The Hidden Adult, McDowell presents the obvious defining characteristics that set children’s texts apart from other genres of literature. Namely, these characteristics include universality; ‘good over evil’ and moral teachings.[9] Although defining characteristics in children’s texts serves to neatly organise muddled definitions, it is perhaps too ideological and simple an approach. Just because children’s texts have â€Å"universal structural traits and patterns common to all children’s literature†[10]; to link them is impossible. This theory assumes that children’s texts remain similar at all times and do so within all cultures. This is certainly not true. The prospect of ‘good and evil’ is subjective amongst all cultures. By linking this philosophy to children’s texts, Shavit is thereby declaring that all tales that oppose the western ideal of universality (for example) can’t app ropriately be labelled as children’s literature as differing views of what is inherently ‘good’ will surface from culture to culture. Thus, it is with the boxed definition that Shavit and Nodelman employed that the definition of children’s literature is explained in a very Eurocentric manner.[11] Recent definitions of the genre have attempted to avoid the generalization of children; although this has proven extremely difficult because of contemporary ideology that states plots do not deviate from the same basic forms.[12] Children’s literature is extraordinarily simplified as a result of this theory, and conforms to the â€Å"binary approach that underlies all adult thinking about children in the centuries in which a ‘special’ literature has existed. The understanding of children is determined purely in terms of their opposition to, lack of, and subordination to maturity.†[13] This demonstration of children’s literature arguably only serves to stereotype and de-humanise its adult authors, who have since become the harbingers of patronising connotations. Throughout the literature’s history, they have depicted children as fundamentally incapable, single-minded, vulnerable, and above all, completely innocent. Adult’s definitions of child-driven narratives have consequently indoctrinated this view onto their child readers’ minds. The hierarchy of age is still present, whether or not the intent is for the best. In The Hidden Adult, Nodelman proposes: â€Å"In working to construct childhood as a smaller and more protected version of being human; a safe home separate from the more dangerous world around it, children’s literature paradoxically closets its adulthood and keeps it a safely hidden secret that allows for the supposed safety and innocence of the protective structure that surrounds it.†[14] Here Nodelman has clearly highlighted the difficulties of defining children’s texts. Doing so works only to alienate children from the real ‘adult’ world, he suggests, which results in children being judged as completely un-educated, delusional and almost mythical in their state of innocence. Would it not better treat the child to expose them to more practical scenarios that they could relate to in realityThis will be answered later. As it stands, children’s literature is defined through its message rather than its artistic value. However, Marah Gubar has counter-acted this point and argued in Artful Dodgers: Reconceiving the Golden Age of Children’s Literature that children’s literature can be â€Å"rich in irony, in ambiguity and in linguistic subtlety† and suggests that the essentialism of children tends to narrow out vision.[15] It should not be forgotten that these texts are still works of literature; and their construction, together with their command over language is the cornerstone for their success. The fact of the matter still remains that children’s literature is arguably indefinable, being as though the child readers themselves do not take part in their construction at all. One can still afford to discuss and dissect the genre, however, as it is part of the literary world. In light of this, and in order to distinguish children’s texts from other texts, it has been largely determined that the genre deals with literature written for, or mainly read by, children between the ages of 1 and 16, in formats and styles ranging from the picture book to the young adult novel. Ideology – â€Å"No Text is Simple† Children’s literature is most usually seen in binary of â€Å"good† for children, or as â€Å"bad† for children. Child-centric criticisms usually focus upon this binary divide and look at what is â€Å"good† for the child – in reading and in types of texts the child reads. Although this approach is fairly out-dated in children’s literature studies, it is still used by many educators and librarians around the world. It is also included in the many â€Å"best of† collections for analysing children’s literature. Keeping in mind the development of the child, child-centric ideology considers this the most important aspect of children’s literature. To further this point, Bruno Bettelheim reinforces the importance of fairy tales in his book The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales[16]. Here, Bettelheim asserts that fairy tales are an integral part of a child’s development and that they are of the utmost importance in nurturing the child’s growth and understanding of the world. He emphasizes that by dealing â€Å"with universal human problems, particularly those which pre-occupy the child’s mind, these stories speak to the child’s budding ego and encourage its development†[17]. Although Bettelheim only assesses fairy tales, this theory of a â€Å"moral good† is still a method of judgement used today. Adult readers and parents of child readers will seek out the morally good message in children’s literature in order for their consent to be given. This is severely problematic, as Jack Zipes points out in Second Thoughts on Socialization Through Literature for Children[18]. He rejects Bettelheim’s analysis of fairy tales and argues that, along with the rest of children’s literature, the texts are not for children. Instead, Zipes stresses that children’s literature never belonged to children in the first place, and that it is in fact â€Å"a script coded by adults for the information and internalization of children which must meet the approbation of adults†.[19] In The Hidden Adult, Nodelman agrees that adults write these stories in order to acculturate the child towards the adult’s definitions of proper behaviour, mannerisms and socialization.[20] Whilst this might seem like warped philosophy, it does give reason for the texts to be created; to compliment the lower-reading level standard that is more easily relatable to children who wish to involve themselves in reading as a hobby or past-time . The adult writer-child reader relationship also presents another method of acculturating the child. Nodelmen in The Hidden Adult shed some light on how engrained adult assumptions are in supposedly innocent and simplistic texts: â€Å"Children’s literature is not simple. The most rudimentary of baby books comes to exist and has meaning only within a complex context of assumptions about books, about babies, about books for babies, about language and visual imagery, about education, about pleasure, and about the economy and the marketplace†.[21] Regardless then, of complexity or artistic construct; no form of text is without ideology. It is inevitable, and a product of contemporary belief; not to mention a product of what will sell a good amount of copies in the marketplace, as stated by Nodelman. In Ideology and the Children’s Book[22], Peter Hollindale assumes this position as well, and advocates it is â€Å"because of the multiplicity and diversity of both ‘book’ and ‘child’ and of the social world in which each of these seductive abstractions takes a plenitude of individual forms†. Hollindale also suggests three levels of ideology in texts. The first is formed of â€Å"the explicit social, political and moral beliefs of the individual writer and his/her wish to recommend them to children throughout the story†. Hollindale believes that this type of ideology is mostly deliberate, and overtly promotes the message that the writer wishes to convey. However, Hollindale argues that this is mostly to an unhappy consequence, in which the â€Å"ideological explicitness is often achieved at the cost of imaginative depth†. The second category of ideology within children’s texts is the un-examined assumptions and ideologies that the writer infuses into the work. It is nearly impossible to confine the subliminal or passive values of the writer. These values will be relocated into the text and into the overall sense of the storyline. They are then relayed to the reader through subtle and often unconscious choices of language and imagery. Furthermore, Hollindale affirms that â€Å"un-examined, passive values are widely shared values†¦ (and one should not) underestimate the powers of reinforcement vested in quiescent and unconscious ideology†. The third category of ideology is one that suggests our thinking â€Å"may be affected by an over-simplified stereotype of possible authority and influence†¦. (and that) writers for children are transmitters not of themselves uniquely, but of the worlds they share.† The fictional universe that is made up for children in their literature is therefore a product of not only the individual writer, but of the values that were bestowed upon them when they were a child themselves. Colonialism of the Child Jacqueline Rose in The Case of Peter Pan or the Impossibility of Children’s Fiction[23] looks at J.M. Barrie’s Peter Pan[24] in order to present differing interpretations of children’s literature and asks â€Å"what adults, through literature, want or demand of the child,† rather than â€Å"what children want, or need from literature.† Furthermore, she identifies a problematic adult-child relationship in literature. She explains that children’s literature published for children is â€Å"a way of colonizing (or wrecking) the child†.[25] Nodelman, in The Hidden Adult argues using similar threads and relates Edward Said’s Orientalism to the case of children and their literature. The adult is seen as the colonizer and the child is seen as the colonized. Peter Hunt (literary critic) reinforces this point by concluding books that are ‘written for’ children are more appreciated by their adult counterparts.[26] As a result, the relationship between writer and reader seems to be fairly one-sided, as the books then become texts that are written by adults, for adults. The child, quite notably, is taken out of the picture all together, as if they have been thoroughly colonized by adults and forced to grow up. Nodelman explains that ultimately, adults can’t escape the role of the colonizer because they are the only party that has the ability and foresight to write children’s books that will withstand the test of time. â€Å"In order to combat colonization, I am recommending a benevolent and helpful colonizing attitude towards children†,[27] Nodelman suggested. However, if one is to conclude that no children’s literature exists that is not colonizing, what does this mean for the future of children’s booksAre we to simply stop writing books that have been read and loved by generations of children over centuriesOr is contemporary society merely becoming too carried away with social practiceOr furthermore; are we too afraid of damaging children’s innate â€Å"innocence† with any pre-mature thought of the adult world? Granted, this lack of urgency is less prominent in literature targeted at adolescence, but the types of literature published and chosen to be highlighted must also be taken into consideration in that genre as well. In conclusion, it seems that in terms of controlling relationships, adults are continuing to colonize children in literature, through an un-avoidable turn of events. Post Colonialism – The â€Å"Other† and Identity in Literature â€Å"Child psychology and children’s literature can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing with childhood – dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it; in short, child psychology and children’s literature as an adult style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over childhood.†[28] This quotation demonstrates the thorough colonization of the child through literature that is aimed solely at them. Whilst this section deals with post-colonization, it is necessary to address the effects that colonization had on the world in a political and social sense. For instance, a divide was created between the West and the Orient. Both senses of each culture’s identity were molded within their given territories, as well as against one another’s given territory. A western child grows up knowing that he is a western child, and at the same time develops knowledge of the oriental child. Therefore an identity is made to suit himself, whilst another foreign identity is made to suit the oriental child in his eyes. In post-colonial society, the decolonized child develops a post-colonial identity that has since stemmed from being colonized by their own society. Children are influenced by the â€Å"good and the bad† of the previous generations. They are influenced to read materials given to them by their parents – materials that the parents themselves have deemed worthy and acceptable of the child’s embrace. Again, there is no possible room for a world in which colonization does not exist in the parent-child relationship. There is still the role of the colonizer (played by the parent) and the role of the colonized (played by the child). The colonizer’s influence is strong and un-deniable on the child, much like the influence that the British Empire had during its reign over India. Clare Bradford exhibits this point well in her book Unsettling Narratives: Post-Colonial Readings of Children’s Literature[29], in so far that she observes how mainstream cultures have used and recycled the same classic narrative discourses for decades. Clare suggests that this is a mere reinforcement of colonization, and that the movement is a product of children having been colonized by their parents for the whole of child literature’s history. Bradford has pointed out the perpetuating cycle of this activity; and how it will never change because of the relationship found between the colonizer and the colonized i.e. parent and child. With this passing down of identity from colonizer to colonized, the child begins to forge his or her own will to carry on the generational hierarchy, and indeed, their own will to recognize their identity from others. Nodelman touches upon this point very well in The Other†¦, by comparing Orientalism to common assumptions about children’s literature and childhood itself. His discovery was triggered by Edward Said’s Orientalism[30], which acts as a commentary about the ways the West views the East. It dictates that by analyzing and authorizing views about the Orient, we are also dominating and restructuring it, much in the same way as we are dominating and re-structuring childhood by allowing adults to write about it. Roderick McGillis reinforces this point by using the example of cowboys and Indians at the start of his book Voices of the Other: Children’s Literature and the Postcolonial Context[31]. After observing how some boys act out the massacre of 40,000 native Indians because their cowboy idols are doing so, he determines that â€Å"the success of American culture amounts to a colonizing activity that these boys appear to accept readily and unquestioningly.† The same activity that McGillis noticed in these boys happens within all veins of children’s literature; children are accepting Peter Pan (for instance) without question, and addressing morals and universalities much in the same way as their beloved protagonist does. In conclusion, it is evident that modern post-colonial society can’t escape the relationship it has between adult-writer and child-reader. It is an observation that could be seen on the surface as being sinister, but one has to remember that adults were children once too. Who better is there to teach a child how to actDevelopmentally, humans are creatures of imitation. In this respect, literature should also be deemed as so. Bibliography Barrie, J.M. 2013. Peter Pan. UK. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN-10: 1484102827. Bettelheim, B. 1991. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. UK. Penguin Books. ISBN-10: 0140137270. Bradford, C. 2007. Unsettling Narratives: Postcolonial Readings of Children’s Literature. UK. Wilfrid Laurier University ISBN-10: 0889205078. Brothers Grimm. 1987. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. UK. Square Fish. ISBN-10: 0374468680. Gubar, M. 2010. Artful Dodgers: Reconceiving the Golden Age of Children’s Literature. S. OUP USA. ISBN-10: 0199756742. Pp. 45. Hollindale, P. 1988. Ideology and the Children’s Book. UK. Thimble Press. ISBN-10: 0903355264. Hunt, P. 1994. An Introduction to Children’s Literature. USA. Oxford University ISBN-10: 0192892436. Lesnik-Oberstein, K. 2004. Children’s Literature: New Approaches. UK. Palgrave Macmillian. ISBN-10: 1403917388. 2008. The Hidden Adult: Defining Children’s Literature. UK. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN-10: 0801889804. Pp. 188. McGillis, R. 2012. Voices of the Other: Children’s Literature and the Postcolonial Context (Children’s Literature and Culture). UK. Routledge, ISBN-10: 0415653150. 14-20, Chp. 43. McGillis, R. 2000. Voices of the Other. UK. Routledge. ISBN-10: 081533284. Nodelman, P. 2008. The Hidden Adult: Defining Children’s Literature. UK. Johns Hopkins University ISBN-10: 0801889804. Pp. 163. Nodelman, P. 1992. The Other: Orientalism, Colonialism and Children’s Literature. Children’s Literature Association Quarterly. Vol. 17, No. 1. Pp. 29 – 35. Penguin Group USA. 2013. Accessible: http://www.us.penguingroup.com/static/pages/youngreaders/children/booksbyage.html. Last Accessed 24/10/2013 Rose, J. 1984. The Case of Peter Pan or the Impossibility of Children’s Fiction. S. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN-10: 0812214358. Said, E. 1979. UK. Vintage. ISBN-10: 039474067X. Shavit, Z. 2010. Poetics of Children’s Literature. S. University of Georgia Press. ISBN-10: 0820334812. Townsend, J. R. 1971. Standards of Criticism for Children’s Literature. S. American Library Association. Pp. 194. Zipes, J. 1981. Second Thoughts on Socialization Through Literature for Children. The Lion and the Unicorn Vol. 5. UK. The Johns Hopkins University Pp. 19-32. How to cite Children’s Literature Review, Essay examples

The Early History of Perak free essay sample

The history of Perak started during the seat of empire was at Beruas which British knew nothing. A few carved tombstones represent all what had happen during the time on the early history of the country. If the Malay tradition is right in saying that the great arm of the sea at the Dindings was once an outlet of the Perak river we can easily understand the importance of Beruas, combining as it did the advantages of a perfect landlocked harbour with a commanding situation at the mouth of the greatest waterway in the western half of the Peninsula. Although Beruas was powerful, the ‘Malay Annals’ tell us, before even the mythical ancestors of the Malacca dynasty appeared on the famous hill of Siguntang, it had begun to decline as the river silted up. In the days of Sultan Mahmud (A. D. 1500) Beruas had so far fallen that its king did homage to Malacca in mere gratitude for assistance against a petty rival village. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early History of Perak or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After the Achehnese invasion the place entirely disappears from history. Point State history began with the coronation of Sultan Muzaffar Shah l that was the descended of Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca in l528. The ruling is carried out will be the order of the feudal system almost the same as in the democratic of Malacca. Perak is known after the discovery of rich ground that is the discovery of tin in Larut in l848 by Ms. Long Jaafar. With this the State economy growing rapidly and more mining areas were opened. In addition to tin, rubber also played an important role after the rubber trees promoted in the State. The implications of the economic developments have been foster a pluralistic society, especially for the Chinese who worked in the mines in the state. British has long been put on interest to the State has intervened through the Pangkor Treaty l874 when there is unrest in Windhoek. From this intervention Resident administrative system was introduced by the British with JWWBirch as its first Resident of Perak. The system is expected to bring about the implications of the Resident is good at first, but because its implementation is absurd and to the attitude of the indigenous people who do not want to be colonized, there has been antagonism that was led by Datuk Maharaja Lela. As a result JWWBirch killed in 1875 under the order of Datuk Maharaja Lela in Teluk Intan due to the arrogant  and  disrespectful. Resident System was also continued until the arrival of the Japanese in Malaya in 194l that caused chaos. Perak State also suffered during the Japanese invasion of bitterness until l945. British scene after the Japanese surrender has not ended, but continued until the emergency occurred in 1948 caused by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). Violence is rampant in the State in which the MCP is responsible about it. After the Japanese occupation in Malaya, the Malay states are not stable. British had to cope with the emergency state of nationalism for independence among the Malays and also the other races. British used every effort to maintain its position by introducing a number of administrative systems such as the Malayan Union in l946. The Malays leader bringing the masses together with the chiefs of state against an all-out all the British system that is Malayan Union until the British declared the independence of Malaya in l957. Malayan independence, freedom means the states of Perak and affiliates are one of the states. The rapid progression still continues to run until now after 34 generations of the Sultans ruled. By fondly nationalists neither Perak Sultan himself nor his followers, the shrine-tomb was restored and conserved, and declared as a monument and a hero back home. It should be a son, grandson, great-great-men and others from the side of the seed from generation to generation until the last one. Laws of the Constitution never sanctioned and is prohibited to select and appoint a person other than the Sovereign such offspring of the previous Sultan as long as there is life such an issue of the Sultan with the condition that the Sovereign has not had a large and heavy defects for which the it tidal the Islamic Laws will be approved by a Sovereign. If at the time there is no offspring of the previous Sultan seed, it is imperative that elected and appointed as a Sultan of them as are from the seeds of the first Sultan. If the absence of a person eligible to be appointed to the Sovereign, the choice of appointment shall be submitted to the Sovereign of weights, the penalty and the decision of the Senate. After the Sovereign been promulgated, two shall be appointed by the future Sultan of the Sovereign on the advice of the Senate. Two titles are held by the Prospective Sultan was the Raja Muda and Raja confluence of. The title King of Tresurer has been reinstated ti the regular YABhg title. Orang Kaya-Kaya Seri Maharaja Treasyrer and the title YAM Majesty the Sultan of the Treasurer, the Sultan Wazirul Wakilus-Kabir. Future appointment of Sultan is based on the conditions as required for a Sovereign. Before implementing its rights or conduct half-he said, the future Sultan required to take and subscribe the oath prescribed by the Senate. Oath contains the words that follow the sense of the person appointed. Then the title was awarded by Malay custom. However, before a person appointed to be the future Sultan, one usually must first hold the Kings title. Title given to the rulers called is as follows: 1) Raja Kecil Bongsu 2) Raja Kecil Tengah 3) Raja Kecil Sulong 4) Raja Kecil Besar 5) Raja Di Hilir 6) Raja Muda 7) Sultan and Yang DiPertuan Normally the Reagent would be appointed Sovereign after the death of the Sovereign (the Sultan) and the King in the Lower that will take place vacant by the Raja Muda and Raja Di Hilir placed was replaced by Raja Kecil Besar and so on until the title of Raja Kecil Bongsu is vacated. Usually a new Sovereign to bestow the title of Raja Kecil Bongsu to his eldest son. However, the Laws of the Constitution states that the Perak State Government in the selection of the future Sultan, the first consideration should be given to the candidates who closely follow the order of the rank order of Sultan and then to each of the Kings called the improper position before considering any one of the top general level of those who should be elected to the Sovereign.

The Third Twin essays

The Third Twin essays The Third Twin by Ken Follett is a type of mystery book. It makes you look at different aspects of the story. When you think you know whats happening it is not always what you think. Dr. Jeannie Ferrami, a scientist funded by a university who is doing a study on twins is one of the main characters in the story. Jeannie Ferrami is tall with long brown hair and is also very athletic. Steve Logan a student at another college is also a very important character in the story. Berrington Jones the head of the college funds Dr. Jeannie Ferrami until Jeannie discovers something Berrington didnt want her to know. Ricky Phillips Berringtons son is a twin just and he plays a small part but with a big impact on the story. Lisa Miller who is Jeannies best friend comes early into the story playing a very dramatic role, another small character is Dennis Pinker one of the twins in the story who is a murderer and is also being studied He is one of Steve Logans twin brothers. Lisa Miller and Jeannie Ferammi are play tennis at the university they work for while changing in the locker room a fire breaks out in which Lisa is caught. Ricky Phillips poses as a security guard and ushers the woman out of the locker room all except Lisa who he rapes in the locker room. Soon after Ricky leaves Jeannie enters the locker room looking for Lisa who she finds unconscious and calls the firemen to help her get Lisa out. Lisa then ends up at the police station filing a report and giving a description of the man whom raped her. The next day Jeannie finds a match in the system she created to help aid her in her search for twins. In her research Jeannie is trying to prove that twins have the same behavior patterns as other twins. In Jeannies system she came up with Steve Logan and Dennis Pinker and found out Steve Logan was a model student at a college campus across town and Dennis Pinker was a conv ...

Clovis, Founder of the Merovingian Dynasty

Clovis, Founder of the Merovingian Dynasty Frankish King Clovis (466-511) was the First Merovingian. Fast Facts: Clovis Known For: Uniting several Frankish factions and founding the Merovingian dynasty of kings.  Clovis defeated the last Roman ruler in Gaul and conquered various Germanic peoples in what is today France. His conversion to Catholicism (instead of the  Arian  form of Christianity practiced by many Germanic peoples) would prove a landmark development for the Frankish nation.Also Known As: Chlodwig, ChlodowechBorn: c. 466Parents: Clovis was the son of the Frankish king Childeric and the Thuringian queen BasinaDied: Nov. 27, 511Spouse: Clotilda Occupations KingMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence EuropeFrance Important Dates Became the ruler of Salian Franks: 481Takes Belgica Secunda: 486Marries Clotilda: 493Incorporates territories of the Alemanni: 496Gains control of Burgundian lands: 500Acquires parts of Visigothic land:  507Baptized  as a Catholic (traditional date): Dec. 25,  508 About Clovis Clovis succeeded his father as ruler of the Salian Franks in 481. At this time he also had control of other Frankish groups around present-day Belgium. By the time of his death, he had consolidated all the Franks under his rule. He took control of the Roman province of Belgica Secunda in 486, the territories of the Alemanni in 496, the lands of the Burgundians in 500, and portions of Visigothic territory in 507. Although his Catholic wife Clotilda ultimately convinced Clovis to convert to Catholicism, he was interested, for a time, in Arian Christianity and was sympathetic to it. His own conversion to Catholicism was personal and not a mass conversion of his peoples (many of whom were already Catholic), but the event had a profound influence on the nation and its relationship to the papacy. Clovis convoked a national Church council at Orlà ©ans, in which he participated significantly. The Law of the Salian Franks (Pactus Legis Salicae) was a written code that most likely originated during the reign of Clovis. It combined customary law, Roman law, and royal edicts, and it followed Christian ideals. Salic Law would influence French and European law for centuries. The life and reign of Clovis were chronicled by Bishop Gregory of Tours more than half a century after the death of the king. Recent scholarship has revealed some errors in Gregorys account, but it still stands as an important history and biography of the great Frankish leader. Clovis died in 511. His kingdom was divided among his four sons:  Theuderic  (born to a pagan wife before he wed Clotilda),  and his three sons by Clotilda,  Chlodomer,  Childebert, and  Chlotar. The name Clovis would later evolve into the name Louis, the most popular name for French kings. Clovis Resources Clovis in Print Clovis, King of the Franks by John W. CurrierBiography from Ancient Civilizations by Earle Rice Jr. Clovis on the Web Clovis: Fairly extensive biography by Godefroid Kurth at the Catholic Encyclopedia.The History of the Franks by Gregory of Tours: Abridged translation by Earnest Brehaut in 1916, made available online at Paul Halsalls Medieval Sourcebook.The Conversion of Clovis: Two accounts of this significant event are offered at Paul Halsalls Medieval Sourcebook.

Stanard v. Bolin, 88 Wash. 2d 614 (1977) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stanard v. Bolin, 88 Wash. 2d 614 (1977) - Essay Example Similarly, she suffered socially from embarrassment and ridicule from friends and neighbors (Stanard v. Bolin, 1977). In this case the court found the law of tort as well as the law of contract to be the most applicable since the plaintiff was suing for damages arising from a breach of promise- marriage (Lettmaier, 2010). Many American states, a promise to marry is deliberated to be legally enforceable, if the promise or agreement satisfies all the basic requirements of a valid contract. Therefore, failure to satisfy a promise to marry is treated in a similar manner to breach of contract. Moreover, a breach of promise to marry is treated as tort since the plaintiff suffers injury and loss hence they have a right to sue for damages ( LaMance, 2011). In light of the presented facts and claims by the plaintiff, the court ruled that the defendant owed the plaintiff damages for mental distress, injury to health, and loss to reputation. In addition, the court ruled that a rejected fiancà © would no longer be compensated for damages for loss of anticipated financial and social position (Stanard TD v. Bolin,

Strategic value of information systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic value of information systems - Essay Example The ultimate goal of Information Systems Management is to assimilate the utilization of information technology into business models and business processes to scrutinize its potential to attain business goals. Todays in the scenario of globalize market, which is full of large enterprises; the competition is getting tougher and tougher. As a result, IT departments are ponderous to become more aligned with business. There are lot of models for calculating the profitability with the incorporation of information technology but they all are trying to explore the conjunction between IT investments and the company's financial result .The process of introducing and use of new information technology in organizations is based on the skills and knowledge of experts who has the ability to master a series of interdisciplinary skills. Other factors like organizing and managing human resources, long term planning, employment, training, motivation, encouraging creative work and proper stimulating are also significant. Psycho-sociological and managing processes also depend on the working conditions, type of work and area of work, availability of human resources and skills available, working atmosphere, and other factors. It is imperative that the development of information technology department is the responsibility of information technology management and should offer the effective ways and leadership qualities to manage the human resources efficiently. Following are the issues that executives must consider, examine and evaluate while making decisions regarding the strategic value of information systems. Business And Knowledge Management Organizations are facing ever-increasing challenges, brought on by marketplace pressures or the nature of the workplace. Many organizations are now looking to knowledge management to address these challenges. Such initiatives are often started with the development of a knowledge management strategy. To be successful, a KM strategy must denominate the basic necessities and issues within the organization, and furnish the architecture for incorporating all these factors. Every organization has a specific environment and different set of requirements, signified by various factors like size of organization, its aim and activities of the organization, overall strategic direction, accessibility of resources, geographical situations and many others. As a result knowledge management strategies follow either top-down or bottom up approach for the organizations. This main emphasis of these strategies is to provide the architecture for the selection and prioritization of individual projects and activities. Again this strategic focus depend on the number of factors that include: Organizational strategy documents, such as the corporate plan or annual report Involvement of Senior management Results of other strategic research projects, such as staff satisfaction surveys. External market research. 2. Psychological Factors According to psychological aspect factors that leveraged factors of IT development are as follows: Professional contributions of each individual Level of personal professional development and satisfaction at work Communication whether formal or informal, also plays significant role in the development of

Tata Motors International Business Strategy

Tata Motors International Business Strategy Tata Motors Tata motors is an Indians largest multi-holding company. It was established in 1945. This company caters to three market segment internationally. The passenger cars, Utility vehicles and commercial vehicles. The company produced the first mini-truck, first light and heavy vehicles and many more firsts in India, being an inventor in their industry. Tata motors has entered into strategic acquisition and joint ventures in its mid stage and launched new products at a rapid pace in various markets. Now a days, Tata motors enjoys the position of being Indians leading auto-mobile manufacturer with increasing presence in Europe, South East Asia, Africa, Australia, and the middle East with a total more of US $ 4 billion. The company focuses on providing customers the best value for their money meets European standards and environmental regulations through their advance technologies. A newer version of the car, named Indica V2, was a major improvement over the previous version and quickly beca me mass favourite. In United Kingdom a badge engineered version of this car was sold (Rover City Rover), which was big failure and declared the worst car ever driven on BBC Top Gear show. Tata motors also successfully exported large quantities of the cars in South Africa. The success of Indica in many ways marked the rise of Tata Motors. The proposal will include the current position of Tata motors and its international expansion, what are the things they have done to be successful? What are their weaknesses? How can they improve. Marketing factors effecting Tata motors. The companys Swot analysis, its Boston matrix, Its market planning and strategy will all be included in the proposal. (Yadong Lou 1999) suggests International Expansion is a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global-spanning network of communication and trade. This report would not only define how Tata motors and tea expanded internationally but also what are the reasons of organisations to globalise, how complex this expansion is actually as it may seems to be mouth watering because of high profits and economies of scale but in practise it is not that easy. It is important to understand why Tata Motors did expand, though companies in the international arenas have experienced many benefits, however the complexity of the international business also brings a lot of risk with it. For Tata motors to justify international business activities, therefore, relied on the below reasons. International customers : Tata motors wanted to continue serving his customers who became international. To make them feel the same as when they were in the home country. New expanded market : New different market was available outside their home country; additional resources including management, skills just to name the few. Increase sales: Tata motors wanted to increase the sales of his vehicles. Because of this they had to go into markets where consumers had a very strong purchasing power. And also to industrialise courtiers where products such as heavy commercial vehicles were needed or demanded. Generally international expansion is not easy as it may sound since many factors have to be taken in to account. For example Tata motors started from India with an international view but faced problems like political new countrys legislation and laws. For example Nanos launch in October maybe delayed due to political issues related to plant land. Reference Free research report for 1Q 09 results. It should be taken in to account that Plant of Tata motors in India would be much more cost beneficial rather than a plant in Europe as there would be a difference in minimum wage laws. So to decide where a plant should be build lot of thinking is required. Economic factors were also taken in to account, since different countries would have different per annum income of the people hence to produce cars that would be affordable. Recession has not hit the third world countries as such but has hit European countries to much more effect so different international strategy is required. One of the reasons of Tata motors success is that they faced such challenges successfully. As it is shown above Tata motors expanded with consideration of a lot of factors and proved to be successful. To understand the concept it is important to know how did they market their products, what their planning was? What marketing strategy did they use. Marketing: Marketing is the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customer in return. Tata motors market their product differently when producing in different regions. (Gary Armstrong 2009) Market targeting is a process of evaluating each market segments attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter. Segmentation is dividing into distinct groups of buyers who have distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour and who might require separate products or marketing programmes. As the Tata Group is a worldwide concern operating in more than 100 countries with thousands of products, there is almost no industry which seems to be untouched by the group. The focus of Tatas market entry will be UK. There were several reasons for selecting UK as the target market. These favourable factors were the status of India as the favourable economic agent, UK Car market dynamics and potential, language similarity. The other countries which were considered as potentially attractive were: the USA the largest market size in the world, Russia emerging market with significant sales potential. The option of the USA as target market was declined due to extremely high quality require ments and other non-tariff barriers which make it hard for a new entrant to enter this market ÂÂ   (Roger A. Kerin 1994) Through strategic planning, the company decides what it wants to do with each business unit. Market planning involves deciding on market strategies that will help the company attain its overall strategic objectives. A detailed marketing plan is essential for each business, product or brand. The plan begins with an executive summary, which quickly overviews major assessments, goals and recommendations. Tata Nano is the cheapest car in the world. It is sold in home country India around Rs 1-lakh i.e. approximately USD 2000. Tata Nano was first launched in India on 1st April 2009 and expected to be in Indian market by July 2009. Since launching, it has created a huge buzz all over India. Within the first two days of lunching, it has received 5500 booking. The figures keep increasing every day since the launching. What makes Tata Nano so cheap? Basically, by making things smaller, lighter, do away with superficial parts and change the materials wherever possible without compromising the safety and environmental compliance. It is said that Tata Nano has better mileage than Toyota Prius and same gas emission as a scooter. The planning of this car is that it will be imported to Malaysia in parts by Tata motors and is assembled in its two assembly plants. There are forty sale offices in Peninsular Malaysia nationwide. All Tata Nano cars will be distributed through these sale offices only. Order can be made vide these distribution centres or its web site. (Robert.E) Market strategy: Market strategy outlines the broad marketing logic by which the business hopes to achieve its marketing objectives and the specifics of targets markets, positioning, and marketing expenditure levels. How will the company the company create value for customers in order to capture value from customers in return? This section also outlines specific strategies for each marketing mix element and explains how each responds to the threats, opportunities and critical issues spelled out earlier in the plan. Product: Over the years Tata Motors have been successful in creating their brand image especially they use some famous stars as their spokesman. Other important marketing strategies are such as the packaging, innovations, and quality control. Tata Motors provide many innovative features to attract car lover. One of these innovations is the Tata Safari 4X4 Decor that has Reverse Guide System. A weather-proof camera is fixed to the rear car to help the driver while reversing the car. Pricing strategy: There are number of factors to determine the price of the car. Factors include like market condition for example it cannot be too low or too high with the prices of same vehicles of the competitors. Giving discount every month and special promotion for certain type of vehicle also one of the strong strategy use by Tata Motors. Discount can be made from Companys profit or from dealers profit at certain range. Place: It includes the company activities that make the product available to target customers. Channels of distributions, locations and sales is usually adopted. Vehicle should be distributed in a systematic way, from the plant to dealership and to end user. Tata Motors has an extensive dealer network covering Indian and International markets. Wherever you are, there is a Tata Motors Sales and Service dealership close to you Promotion: Personal selling: There is cold calling to customer, this is done by collection of customer data bases done by the sales officers. Hence there is minimum personal selling involved. Advertising is any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. It is designed to promote the sale of a product or service. The various media that can be used for advertising are T.V, Newspaper, Magazines, Hoardings, and Internet etc. Tata Motors is responsible for the advertising of its products. The dealer conducts point-of-purchase displays to advertise the products. The advertisements done by the Co. help the dealer to capitalize on the market. Advertising is often used to make consumers aware of a products special low price or its benefits. But an even more important function of advertising is to create an image that consumers associate with a product, known as the brand image. The brand image goes far beyond the functional characteristics of the product. The products of Tata Motors have many special characteristics to them, but when consumers think of it, they not only think of its features, but they may also associa te it with quality, performance, and class. All of these meanings have been added to the product by advertising Sales promotion is a short term incentive to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Its purpose is to supplement and coordinate advertising and personal selling. It is designed to persuade consumers to purchase immediately by providing special incentives to them for example extra product, prizes or gifts. During festivals such as diwali customers are given festive discounts. Public relations is building good relations with the companys various publics by obtaining favorable publicity, building a good corporate image, and handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories and events. The Co. takes serious measures to maintain good public relations. The Co. follows business ethics to ensure that the customer is satisfied and receives good service whenever and wherever he desires.(Edmund Jerome McCarthy). SWOT ANALYSIS: SWOT analysis helps a firm in strategy formulation, in responding strategically to the environment, the goal is to reduce identified threats and take advantage of the best opportunities. The following is the SWOT analysis of Tata motors Strengths The internationalisation strategy so far has been to keep local managers in new acquisitions, and to only transplant a couple of senior managers from India into the new market. The benefit is that Tata has been able to exchange expertise. For example after the Daewoo acquisition the Indian company leaned work discipline and how to get the final product right first time. The company has a strategy in place for the next stage of its expansion. Not only is it focusing upon new products and acquisitions, but it also has a programme of intensive management development in place in order to establish its leaders for tomorrow. The company has had a successful alliance with Italian mass producer Fiat since 2006. This has enhanced the product portfolio for Tata and Fiat in terms of production and knowledge exchange. For example, the Fiat Palio Style was launched by Tata in 2007, and the companies have an agreement to build a pick-up targeted at Central and South America. Weaknesses The companys passenger car products are based upon 3rd and 4th generation platforms, which put Tata Motors Limited at a disadvantage with competing car manufacturers. Despite buying the Jaguar and Land Rover brands (see opportunities below); Tata has not got a foothold in the luxury car segment in its domestic, Indian market. Is the brand associated with commercial vehicles and low-cost passenger cars to the extent that it has isolated itself from lucrative segments in a more aspiring India? Opportunities In the summer of 2008 Tata Motors announced that it had successfully purchased the Land Rover and Jaguar brands from Ford Motors for UK Â £2.3 million. Two of the Worlds luxury car brand have been added to its portfolio of brands, and will undoubtedly off the company the chance to market vehicles in the luxury segments. Tata Motors Limited acquired Daewoo Motors Commercial vehicle business in 2004 for around USD $16 million. Nano is the cheapest car in the World retailing at little more than a motorbike. Whilst the World is getting ready for greener alternatives to gas-guzzlers, is the Nano the answer in terms of concept or brand? Incidentally, the new Land Rover and Jaguar models will cost up to 85 times more than a standard Nano! The new global track platform is about to be launched from its Korean (previously Daewoo) plant. Again, at a time when the World is looking for environmentally friendly transport alternatives, is now the right time to move into this segment? The answer to this question (and the one above) is that new and emerging industrial nations such as India, South Korea and China will have a thirst for low-cost passenger and commercial vehicles. The range of Super Milo fuel efficient buses are powered by super-efficient, eco-friendly engines. The bus has optional organic clutch with booster assist and better air intakes that will reduce fuel consumption by up to 10%. Threats Other competing car manufacturers have been in the passenger car business for 40, 50 or more years. Therefore Tata Motors Limited has to catch up in terms of quality and lean production. Sustainability and environmentalism could mean extra costs for this low-cost producer. This could impact its underpinning competitive advantage. Obviously, as Tata globalises and buys into other brands this problem could be alleviated. Since the company has focused upon the commercial and small vehicle segments, it has left itself open to competition from overseas companies for the emerging Indian luxury segments. For example ICICI bank and DaimlerChrysler have invested in a new Pune-based plant which will build 5000 new Mercedes-Benz per annum. Other players developing luxury cars targeted at the Indian market include Ford, Honda and Toyota. In fact the entire Indian market has become a target for other global competitors including Maruti Udyog, General Motors, Ford and others. Rising prices in the global economy could pose a threat to Tata Motors Limited on a couple of fronts. The price of steel and aluminium is increasing putting pressure on the costs of production. Many of Tatas products run on Diesel fuel which is becoming expensive globally and within its traditional home market. These all factors held lot of importance for Tata motors to expand inte rationally. (Peter Jackson 1982). The strategic positioning of an organization admits the inventing the desired future position of the organization on the groundwork of present and predictable exploitations, and the constructing of programs to realize that positioning. Strategic positioning can be analysed by Porters SWOT analysis approach and Boston Consultants Group (BCG) Matrix (See Figure 2). BCG Product portfolio matrix indicates the Cash Cows refers to the industries with a high market share and low growth such as Power (Energy), Steel and Oil Gas. Dogs refer the industries with low market share and low growth such as Tata Sky, Tata Tele services etc. the stars shows the industries such as Automotive, Tea, and Chemicals with high market share and high growth. However; the each industry position in the matrix is an opportunity open to business (Sutherland and Canwell, 2004, p 16; Stacy, 1993, pp 48-49, Thompson, 2002). For example; in cash cows, Tatas acquisition with Corus (UK) and gained a big share of market . In stars Tatas acquisition of Daewoo (Korea) and achieved a high market share in the Korean automobile market. Figure: 2 Tata motors takes in to account the value proportion of what is proposed in the market and also make sure that target customers segments also are addressed by the value proposition. For example; the Tatas recent announcement, of launching the cheapest cars for the Indian market for the target market of two wheeler owners such as motorcycle and scooter. Tata motors has developed effective distribution channels to reach the customers and to develop relationship with them (David Mercer)It is very important for a company like Tata motors which is a global company that it considers its environment before beginning the marketing process. In fact, environmental analysis should be continuous and feed all aspects of planning. The macro environments that can affect Tata motors include political, economical, Socio cultural and technological factors. Political arena: Political arena can have a lot of influence upon the regulation of businesses and also one the spending power of the consumers and other businesses. The political factors that can affect Tata motors are, strong tax incentives for inbound investors, different countries would have different laws so company has to take in to account what they are dealing with, strong motivation and trust, there was a negative effect on the IT industry after 2009 because the governments initiative of Tax holiday under STPI expires (Thinking street 2007) In order to be successful marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy both in the long and short term. It would be essential when Tata motors plan to do international marketing. As interest rates, Inflation, employment level per capita and gross domestic product per capita would all play important roles. Tata motors would also be affected by competitive labour cost model and highly mobile work force. Social and cultural factors: Social and cultural factors influence the business varies from country to country. It includes factors like, dominant religion in the area? The attitudes to foreign products and services? How much effect language has upon the diffusion of products onto markets. Technology: Technology is one thing which is very important in the car industry. Since technology will give Tata motors a competitive advantage over others and is a major driver of globalisation. For example technology can allow the products to be made cheaply hence reducing cost and increasing revenues, It offers new innovative products to the consumers that will make sure that the product dont get obsolete, Tata motors internet site provides all the information about the cars, 3d view and videos can be seen making information easily accessible to the consumers. It also adds the concept of customer relationship manager who will be in touch with the consumers even after the car has been purchased. Thus consumer will feel themselves part of the organisation. So to be competitive Tata motors have to do strong R D culture and facilities, strong tie-ups with western technology companies and be adaptive to new technologies. The various motives behind buying an automobile are Need, Prestige, Comfort, Fashion, Jealousy and Novelty. The R D Department continuously strives to bring new innovations in their product. Tatas have an industrial experience of over 100 years and they are well known with the Psychology of Indian customers, who desire more at less price. This experience has helped them to develop products which fulfil the expectations of Indian consumers. Porters 5 Forces Analysis: Porters 5 forces analysis deals with the factors outside an industry that influence the nature of competition within it. According to Porter (1985), competition is at the core of the success or failure of firms. The intensity of rivalry will determine the extent to which competing companies will give away the value that they have created. They will either pass this value to the buyer in lower prices or it will be absorbed by higher costs of competing (Porter, 1991). Michael Porter has provided a framework that models an industry being influenced by the five forces which will give below. That helps the strategic business manager to develop an edge over rival firms as this model helps in understanding the industry context in which firms operate. Figure 1 shows the five forces model: Barriers to Entry: Time and cost of entry: When launching a product time is the most essential thing. The launch of NANO is a good example since demand for small cars is on the rise of the market. Cost of entry actually means the initial capital that would be required to setup a new firm is very high. Knowledge and technology: It is from knowledge and technology that firms get competitive advantage over others. Tata motors have great knowledge and technology because of the experience they had and also from the fact that they have done few mergers and acquisitions over the last few years. Product differentiation and cost advantage: The new products should be attractive and different to be accepted by customers. Attractiveness can be measured by feature, price etc. NANO car price is one of its things which are very attractive for customers at the moment. Buyers: Switching costs: In the case of NANO the switching cost from bike to car is high. Thus increasing the demand of the car. Number of customers: Few buyers can dictate their terms. The bargaining power of buyer is higher if there are a lot of choices available to the buyers. In the case of NANO the price tag that it has got no compromise have been done at front. Brand Image: The brand image of Tata company is one of their strength in the market. Suppliers: Number of size of suppliers: Suppliers give raw material to the company, if there are few suppliers then they can set high prices to capture the profit. The NANO car has 128 suppliers in all. Unique product/service: Suppliers industry is dominated by few substitutes. Some parts of the Tata motor cars are obtained from few suppliers and limited substituted are available to their product. Competitive Rivalry: Price competition: Advertising battles can increase the demand in the industry, but may be costly to small competitors. NANO is the only player so it has the price competition but as the Maruti and Honda are planning to launch a car in the same segment so price competition will start. Product quality and number of diversity of competition also effect the competitive rivalry. (Charles Hill 2009)Strategies can be made but the real thing is to make sure that theory works in practicality, for this purpose monitoring and evaluation system is used for an organisation to have a check on policies and procedures through out the time. If an organisation does not care about how well it is doing or about what impacts it is having, why bother to do it at all? Monitoring and evaluation allows you to assess the quality and impact of your work, against your action plans and your strategic plan. In order for monitoring and evaluation to be really valuable, you do need to have planned well Conclusion: Given the intensity of competition and fast changing business environment in the segment, the world over, the acquisition, undoubtedly, is a strategic fit for Tata motors, as far as its globalization gambit is concerned. And, the number one spot, which it is aiming at, may not be far away. But of course, it would have to put its best cup forward. The hybrid strategy is used by the company in various industries, it involved a higher degree of organisational excellence and integration of all the departments. Here the strategy of the group is to maintain the cost of raw materials as lowest as possible and to achieve the lowest cost of final products. The group also invested a huge amount in research and development in order to achieve the highest degree of quality at the lowest price.

Godspell Review Essay

Godspell truly captivates the heart and mind of the mere spectator because of its austerity, and its provincial meanings. The movie is not a message for our times, or a movie to focus on the movement of Jesus, or even quite a movie for the youth. In Fact, it is a sequence of stories and tunes, like the bible is, and it is conveyed with the straightforwardness that ingenuous stories demand: with zero illusions, no knowledgeable implements, and a lot of modest honesty. The qualities expressed through the movie would allow me to see the play in person. Though I was not able to attend a performance of the Godspell at my local high school; if I were given the chance again I would go to watch the play because the movie was truly captivating. The play and movie is a musical focused on the Gospel according to the Evangelist Matthew, â€Å"Godspell† is strangely mocking, wild, and loveable. The stage version originally produced in 1971 has been opened up into a movie by taking all of New York in a set. That is true, except for the scenes at the beginning and end, which display the city as a temple of mammon and a rat nest. Only the cast populates the movie; we do not see any other people, and the 10 kids dance, sing, and act out parables in improbable places as the World Trade Center and a tugboat. This is a new use for the city of New York, which looks remarkably spotless; even its vulgar skyscrapers edge toward magnificence when the infinitely long shots immerse them. Against this normality of steel and concrete, the characters come on like kids at a junior high reunion, clothed in comic book colors and bright tattered rags. Only two characters have names: Jesus, and a character who plays both John (who baptized Jesus in the bible) and Judas (who denied and betrayed Jesus). The other eight characters, which represent an on-the-spot assembly of disciples, are the cast who play themselves. What is nice about the cast is that they give the observer all new faces to watch. The characters don’t look like professional stage youths but this is a positive because the movie is livelier. â€Å"Godspell’s† cast is not only young but they are supposed to look like normal everyday people. For some crazy purpose the director, David Greene, has repelled from any enticement to make the movie visually extravagant. The movie characters, just like the stage characters, are given little emblems on their faces by Jesus. A little girl receives a little yellow flower and a boy acquires a tiny red star. It was necessary in the stage version to exaggerate this makeup to make it visible by making the emblems very large and crude, but the movie is an opposite an makes the emblems appear detailed and nice looking. It appeared to me that some people would not understand the meaning behind the odd tattoos and why they were unrelated to religious icons. In the 1970s tattoos were extremely popular, so why not add a part of the current culture to the play and movie. The director and producer used anything to brighten the culture and the upcoming world around them.

Career Interest - 1882 Words

Career Interest Eric Franklin Gen 300 skills to for professional growth Curt Crandall February 20, 2006 Deciding on a career has been a challenge. My first career interest was to be a physical therapist. As a child I would look at my mother-nursing textbook was intrigued by the muscular and skeletal systems The most intriguing part was how muscles, tendons, and ligaments all work to attach themselves to our skeletal system to create motion. My second career interesteas in mass communications. After only one semester I realized that I had no real desire to pursue a career in this field. The around the same time I was offered a promotion as the evening manager at my part-time job. I quickly change my major to business administration In†¦show more content†¦Around that same time, I worked at the Holiday Inn Riverport part-time as a front desk clerk. Most of my hours where on that Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. I was offered a job as that night manager. This required me to start working on a fulltime basis. It also sparked my interest in becoming a General Manager of a hotel. I cha nged my major to business administration. At this point, I thought that everything was set.. My expirence as the night manger was horrific. The lack of communication with the management team was extreamly poor. When I arrived to work at 2:30p, an hour before my shift, the front office manager was already gone for the day. There was a stretch where we went a month without communicating. The front desk was total out of sinc. Important information like lists for large groups or VIP guests were never passed on to me at night. I would arrive at work and as soon as I get there Im looking at checking in group with 80 rooms that were not pre-checked in. Nor did I have any information that they were coming so that i could prepare. Every day there was new drama and mostly because our communication was non exitant. The owners of the Holiday Inn purchased another local hotel and offered me that job as the front office manager. This time I turned down the opportunity due my unpleasant experien ce as the evening manager. I still was interested in a career in management just not in thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Career Interest: Deciding on a Career1859 Words   |  8 PagesCareer Interest Deciding on a career has been a challenge. My first career interest was to be a physical therapist. As a child I would look at my mother-nursing textbook was intrigued by the muscular and skeletal systems The most intriguing part was how muscles, tendons, and ligaments all work to attach themselves to our skeletal system to create motion. My second career interesteas in mass communications. 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