International student essay Essay

The relations between the agents of different societies, either social or affordable become more grounded as time passes because of the globalization. As I would like to think, the chance to become acquainted with different societies and ways of life through correspondence with its delegates is priceless, as no books, motion pictures or reports about the picked nation, can present such finish and exact data, as individuals can. The conditions were that China turned into the nation were I got my first genuine working experience, subsequent to graduating with a significant in Chinese and English from the acclaimed Daewon Foreign Language High School. I went through two years working in this nation, and that was the point at which I got keen on China, in the open doors that the differing and numerous populaces of these state presents to the specialist, in the eccentricities and innovations of its quickly developing economy. That was the point at which I felt that Chinese financial matters was developing, and I understood it had the potential for turning into the world’s greatest and most impressive one. It was than that I believed I was keen on building up business connections and working in that nation. Thinking about these realities, I feel I might want to concentrate with an individual who experienced childhood in China, in an express, whose social framework and economy are totally different from that in my nation of birthplace. My supposition is that for to work effectively in a remote nation, you ought to be all around familiar with its language, social examples, and the lifestyle, as they impact business straightforwardly. Correspondence with the individual who spent his/her adolescence and youth in the nation of my advantage would assist me with having a knowledge into the points of interest of life in China. Tragically, in the here and now I have little chances of rehearsing Chinese, and concentrating with an individual of Chinese inception would likewise improve my language aptitudes. I accept that individuals can and, also, should concentrate from one another, share their encounters, as it is the most helpful approach to get the most important down to earth information. I trust that while concentrating in the University of Texas in Austin both my colleagues and I will get an opportunity to profit by correspondence with understudies with different social and scholarly foundations.

Building Rapport By Listening English Language Essay

Building Rapport By Listening English Language Essay PR individuals need a couple of hypotheses and models to help get to holds with the master plan and why correspondences matters. Yet, for the greater part of us we have to continue ahead with it and have the option to convey material outcomes. Here we take a gander at a portion of the down to earth abilities we have to ace so as to carry out the responsibility well. In the event that we take a gander at sets of expectations for PR and correspondences experts, the aptitudes required can be arranged into three general gatherings Preparation Skills Composing Skills Introduction Skills At long last being self-assured is basic for any expert and PR professionals especially need this ability in their job as specialists so well gander at this as a down to earth aptitude. Preparation Skills Building affinity by tuning in, addressing and perception of non-verbal communication As specialized experts we are likely, through our vocations, to work with a wide assortment of individuals, especially partners and customers. We may likewise need to direct research with target crowds, by talking them on a balanced or little gathering premise. We may likewise need to work with and talk with case history subjects so as to acquire material to review subsequently. So skilful addressing and tuning in, alongside able note and moment taking, are altogether fundamental abilities. We may take a brief in a loose and steady condition on a part of business that requires an arranged and proactive interchanges procedure. Or on the other hand we may take a preparation when an issue has gone live or an episode has occurred where individuals are hurried, on edge and concerned, where we are relied upon to concoct an expert, quick receptive reaction. A few briefings are amazing and all the data is there: a composed rendition supplements a verbal instructions; there is finished transparency; questions are addressed completely. Different briefings are incomplete, slender on detail, suppositions are made, the verbal preparation is ineffectively conveyed, and once in a while the individual taking the brief is and feels less senior thus conceivably rather scared so the privilege entering inquiries may not be posed or presumptions go unchallenged. Errors get made along these lines subsequently the capacity to deal with an instructions ably is imperative. Tuning in During a preparation we frequently need to get a great deal of data out of individuals rapidly and effectively. What's more, to do this we should be attentive people just as talented examiners. We should have the option to focus on whats being said and to in some cases draw out the main thing. We have to hear what the customer whether an inner or outer customer is on edge about, is amped up for and what the center business issues truly are. Listening is a functioning ability, not an inactive exercise. Listening is more requesting than talking, as far as focus. Since we have occupied existences, we can be diverted by different musings and this can hinder great tuning in. You need to get into the correct outlook to tune in. There are three degrees of tuning in Fringe Listening Done at subliminal level, formal and casual circumstances mixed drink party condition eg at party, eatery Evident Listening We do it all the time seem as though we are tuning in yet not so much focusing Undivided attention Concentrating on the message being transmitted by attempting to comprehend what is being said as well as how and why it is said Deciphering Understanding Assessing Responding Arranging Reacting The vast majority talk at c.125 words every moment except think at multiple times that speed. So audience members have save mental limit (which they could use to make valuable notes) yet which by and by implies they can likewise go off on one, their brains can meander, they dream and are distracted㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦unless they think and listen effectively. Individuals feel irrelevant, immaterial and slighted in the event that they sense their thoughts, concerns, emotions and not being given close consideration or being paid attention to. Be that as it may, not exclusively can the working relationship endure, the ineffectual audience can basically misunderstand things! On the off chance that you pose an inquiry and find the solution you were expecting, you make presumptions thus miss some illuminating, new or extra significant data. In the event that you are caught up with getting your next inquiry together in your brain you wont listen the present answer. Listening admirably Get ready to tune in. On the off chance that you can, do some examination/perusing before you go into an instructions meeting. For instance read a years ago PR program, a yearly report, the most recent media inclusion, etc. Get into the correct outlook Win:Win is the thing that you ought to focus on, regardless of whether past gatherings with those preparation you have been testing. Watch members non-verbal communication and speed of addressing (get hints about zones of concern, earnestness and any uneasiness). Dont make suspicions however watch and check out the individuals in question. Sit to see. An essential point yet having clear visual contact will help focus. Dont overlook that setting your back to the sun implies that the individual youre tuning in to will be unable to see your eyes or outward appearances obviously. In like manner you need to see them obviously as well. We gain quite a lot more data on the off chance that we tune in to non-verbal communication as well. Keep away from interruptions. Aside from stressing over the amount you need to do, different interruptions can meddle with focus; open arrangement workplaces, outer sound, glass dividers, TV screens and cell phones that individuals cannot stand out enough to be noticed away from. Be cautious about these meddling with your fixation when you are tuning in. Show compassion and assemble affinity. At the initial phases of a preparation its valuable to show sympathy so compatibility is worked with the other individual. Sympathy is an endeavor to comprehend the other individual, to see how the individual feels and thinks and sees the world. Its getting a feeling of their point of view. The issue isn't to concur, dissent, or put forth decisions however to make a certifiable attempt to see how the individual preparation you sees the chance or issue. Take a gander at it from their perspective and afterward include your own point of view as an interchanges specialist. Toward the beginning of a gathering utilize comparable or coordinating language and non-verbal communication to help with building affinity. Show you are keen regarding the matter with the goal that the individual instructions you feels increasingly slanted to draw in and impart back. Practice. Accept each open door to rehearse and improve your listening aptitudes. A partner of mine tunes in to Radio Four narratives and afterward reviews key focuses a short time later and incorporates these in her blog entries. Functional dynamic reasonable listening procedures Checking understanding One of the approaches to check your comprehension of what has been said is to utilize criticism. In your own words, rehash back to the speaker what you got her/him to have said. This will: Check your comprehension of whats being said. Help dispense with any unintended messages which the speaker didnt mean. Show your enthusiasm for whats being said. Show that you truly comprehend. Let the speaker consider whats being said. Empower a more clear clarification of complex focuses. For instance, you may hear: Its a touchy circumstance on account of the potential budgetary effect on the business. You could check understanding by reacting: So youre saying that there might be a thump on impact on gainfulness? Re-explanation mirrors a veritable endeavor to comprehend different people perspective and assists with distinguishing any issues that emerge. Summing up This is more than re-proclamation or reflection, it is drawing together the fundamental subjects and key focuses from what you have heard. This office can regularly be basic when the briefer has given a fairly meandering and unintelligible brief. Summing up what you have heard will assist with returning the realities and presumptions. Summing up can likewise: Demonstrate that you have comprehended what has been said. Move the discussion on. Make a powerful break point or end to the gathering. Build up a beginning stage at a resulting meeting. 10 principles for incredible tuning in: Quit talking. Attempt to comfort the briefer, get them to feel that they have your consideration and you will regard their musings. Show that you need to tune in. Look and act intrigued. Evacuate interruptions. Identify with the briefer. Be understanding as far as could reasonably be expected. Screen and supress any drive to pass judgment or advice too early. Stay away from contention and any suggested analysis. Pose inquiries Quit talking! Addressing The capacity to pose extraordinary inquiries is, as I would see it, one of the most essential aptitudes anybody working in interchanges should ace. Extraordinary addressing causes you get the data you need: to set up a sound PR proposition, to comprehend the sentiments, contemplations and sentiments of a partner, to compose an engaged report, to survey a circumstance, to concentrate on the business at hand. The correct inquiries accomplish clearness, advance reflection, upgrade imagination and help work out arrangements. As you get progressively senior and are answerable for training and coaching others, incredible inquiries are a key method to assist individuals with reflecting and learn. Whatever the specific situation, extraordinary inquiries show you are tuning in and focusing regarding your matter. Its not just an issue of the correct inquiries either; its additionally the manner in which you ask them so focus on your manner of speaking and non-verbal communication as well. Utilizing the Right Questioning Style Open inquiries help the other individual characterize the chance or issue and to investigate it. They give genuine data and different people musings and conceivably their emotions behind it. Open inquiries can likewise create thinking and reflection and guarantee that emphasis is kept on the issue. All around planned open inquiries can change what someone looks like at an issue as well and can help recognize moves to make. Open inquiries are constantly a decent spot to begin a conversation or an instructions as they do precisely that open up the exchange. Open inquiries frequently start with What, How, When and Where or

T-Minus Six Days

T-Minus Six Days Yup, its true: CPW 2010 IS ALMOST HERE!!! My poor inbox is struggling under the sudden influx of CPW-related e-mails, and my willpower to study is slowly but surely slipping away. I cant wait until all 1100+ of you get on campus! Its going to be EPIC. As those of you who tuned into the CPW live chat already know, your hosts will be contacting you this coming Sunday or Monday. If you have any questions for your host, have them ready! I was lucky last year in that my host was someone I already knew, but for many of you, that wont be the case. Its not a bad idea to exchange e-mails with your host before you get here, just to get to know them a little better. If youre nice to them, they might be willing to snag a cot for you to sleep on, which means you wont have to lug a sleeping bag halfway across the country or world, whichever it may be :) If youve checked out the CPW website, you will have noticed a list of things to pack. Notice that one of the items listed is a camera. Do NOT forget your camera! I think I came home from CPW last year with close to 200 pictures, and I would have taken more, were it not for the fact that my battery ran out of power and I didnt have my charger. Speaking of which: bring your charger. As far as events go, there are a lottt (over 500? 600?). Overwhelmed as I was by the sheer number of activities and the obvious impossibility of sleep, I attempted to narrow down the events I wanted to attend at last years CPW by ranking them in terms of where Id get the most free stuff. This turned out to be an incredibly fulfilling experience. My total winnings were comprised of seven or so t-shirts (though most of them were at least three sizes too big for me because I apparently fail at pushing my way to the front of the line), a couple key chains, several pens and pencils, a couple squishy stress-relieving things, a laundry bag (hahaha), way too much candy, and a bunch of other stuff that eludes my memory at the moment. When I wasnt trying to hoard free stuff, I spent time cooking a gourmet French dinner at New House, running away from cats at Random Hall (I like dogs more), visiting classes, and attending club/majors fairs. My favorite CPW event was undoubtedly the Closing/Variety show; I know Cam blogged about this earlier, but seriously, MIT a capella groups = amazing. There was also some pretty hardcore juggling and several neat performances by MIT dance groups. Somewhere on my computer, I have a video of basically the entire show, but I wouldnt want to ruin it for you guys ;) Though I admittedly spent most of CPW on campus, I did wander out into Boston a little bit. If you get a chance to explore, I highly recommend it! Boston is one of the most lively cities Ive ever been in; I spent my last day of CPW checking out some of the restaurants, the stores, and just admiring the elegant and historic architecture. As I recall, CPW last year overlapped with the 2009 Boston marathon, so there were quite a few people running alongside the Charles. By quite a few, I mean even more than usual, which, as youll find out, is impressive; there are always people running in Boston. Anyway, thats a quick run down of CPW. Points to remember: 1) Bring a camera, 2) Explore, and 3) Have a blast with your fellow members of the MIT Class of 2014!! Ill see you all soon :)

Book Censorship and Banning of Childrens Books

Many people think that book censorship, challenges and book banning are things that happened in the distant past. That is certainly not the case. You may also remember all of the controversy about the Harry Potter books in the early 2000s. Why Do People Want to Ban Books? When people challenge books it is generally out of a concern that the contents of the book will be harmful to the reader. According to the ALA, there are four motivating factors: Family ValuesReligionPolitical ViewsMinority Rights. The age level for which a book is intended does not guarantee that someone wont try to censor it. Though the emphasis seems to be on challenges to childrens and young adult (YA) books some years more than others, attempts are also continually mounted to restrict access to certain adult books, often books that are taught in high school. Most complaints are made by parents and are directed to public libraries and schools. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The Fight Against Book Censorship When the Harry Potter books came under attack, a number of organizations joined together to establish Muggles for Harry Potter, which became known as kidSPEAK and focused on being a voice for kids in fighting censorship in general. KidSPEAK stressed, Kids have First Amendment rights—and kidSPEAK helps kids fight for them! However, that organization no longer exists. For a good list of organizations that are dedicated to fighting book censorship, just take a look at the list of sponsoring organizations in my article about Banned Books Week. There are more than a dozen sponsors, including the American Library Association, National Council of Teachers of English, American Society of Journalists and Authors and the Association of American Publishers. Parents Against Bad Books in Schools PABBIS (Parents Against Bad Books in Schools), is just one of a number of parent groups around the country challenging childrens and young adult books in classroom teaching, and in school and public libraries. These parents go beyond wanting to restrict access to certain books for their own children; they seek to restrict access for other parents children as well in one of two ways: either by getting one or more books removed from the library shelves or having access to the books restricted in some way. What Do You Think? According to article Public Libraries and Intellectual Freedom on the American Library Association Web site, while it is important and appropriate for parents to oversee their childrens reading and media exposure, and the library has many resources, including booklists, to assist them, it is not appropriate for the library to serve in loco parentis, making judgement calls appropriate for parents in terms of what their children do and do not have access to rather than serving in their capacity as librarians. For More Information About Book Banning and Kids Books ThoughtCo addresses the issue in the article Censorship and Book Banning in America about the controversy surrounding the teaching of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in an 11th Grade American Literature class. Read What Is a Banned Book? and how to save a book from banning by ThoughCo  to learn how you can prevent book censorship.

Homosexuality Nature or Nurture - 1209 Words

Abstract The quest to achieve ultimate unity has become quite the hot topic in present years. In Ryan D. Johnson’s online research article, Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture, an explanation of homosexuality is broken down so the world has a better understanding of homosexuals. As referred to in the title, the origin of homosexuality has been debated to be because of nature or nurture. Basically, are people gay because it’s their personal choice or is it just who they are? The idea behind nurture is that the way one was raised can eventually affect a child’s sexual preference. In the first paragraph of this study, Johnson travels back to ancient Greece claiming that homosexuality has been around for ages, yet the root of the question†¦show more content†¦If there was a weak father figure and a strong motherly figure then homosexuality is said to be more common because the child was unable to overcome their ‘Oedipus syndrome.’ Also the certain roles that are given to children at young ages have a common effect on sexuality, whether they follow a male and female stereotype that is. How a child is raised, what they witness and experience as they grow up all come together under the idea that nurture over nature has a bigger influence on a person’s sexuality. Therefore this article was quite informative about all the research that has been done over the years to determine the nature verse nurture question dealing with homosexuality. The article was not as descriptive with calculations and didn’t go too in-detail about what each experiment entailed but the outcomes gave enough data to let the reader establish their own opinion. Kinsey’s findings claimed that many men were not comfortable with the idea of two men together, but another same-sex relation, being women, didn’t bother them. These ‘facts’ were pretty irrelevant since the experiment was very outdated and didn’t mention wheth er nature or nurturing were involved but just the appeal of being gay. Also it never mentioned how homosexuality came to be, as Kinsey claimed was one of the reasons for the experiment. Hooker did a great analysis to prove that homosexuality was completely not a mental disorder yet a decision of the heart. Swaab’s focus was on how theShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality: Nature or Nurture811 Words   |  3 Pageswith development across the human lifespan is the theory of â€Å"Nature versus Nurture†. It is an unsolved debate that has been around for centuries. It covers a broad spectrum of topics from intelligence to emotions, or in this case homosexuality. Although homosexuality is often thought of as a trait that is â€Å"genetically determined†, many others disagree and argue that it is rather a learned behavior (Lathe, pg. 20) Is it nature or nurture that causes this so-called â€Å"abnormality†? Or does it depend onRead More Homosexuality, Nature or Nurtur e? Essay1911 Words   |  8 PagesHomosexuality, Nature or Nurture? Homosexuality has become a large issue in our lives today. Gay Rights activists have been making their voices heard; this has attracted the attention of the population making them take notice of their cause. The church has not been able to get away from the powerful political and social pressure of homosexuality. Some churches have accepted homosexuality but many still do not accept homosexuals, saying it is unnatural and not what godRead MoreHomosexuality - Nature or Nurture Essay2535 Words   |  11 PagesHomosexuality Nature or Nurture Have you ever wondered what creates a persons sexual preference? Is it possible that their social influences and environment can lead them to certain sexual practices and same sex relationships or could it be that some people have a genetic makeup that makes it completely natural to be attracted to members of the same sex? These questions lead us to the long-lived debate of nature or nurture. Some scientists believe that people behave as they do accordingRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: Homosexuality2002 Words   |  9 Pagescause of sexuality. The whole subject is hidden in darkness’; this is a quote by Charles Darwin which illustrates the fact that your sexual orientation is unknown- this suggests that homosexuality is evolved through the upbringing and personal experiences. Many Social Theorists agree with this and they argue that Nurture is the main factor when considering the reasons behind human sexuality. They also suspect that upbringing and parental and family dy namics has a direct effect on a child s sexualityRead MoreEssay on Homosexuality as Nature or Nurture1936 Words   |  8 PagesHomosexuality as Nature or Nurture Human sexuality has been one of societys most interesting, controversial, debated, and misunderstood topics. It has been the topic of numerous books, essays, documentaries, websites, and television magazine segments. More specifically, homosexuality is probably the most misunderstood aspect of human sexuality. This is mainly due to lack of education, exposure, or just a general close mindedness. Homosexual tendencies are genetically caused, but actingRead MoreHomosexuality: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat people hear about daily in the news, media, and daily lives of others, especially when it comes to the field of psychology and the nature versus nurture debate. For being as commonly debated and discussed as it is, there are many questions that come along with it: what is sexual orientation, how do people know their sexual orientation, what causes homosexuality, is it normal, is it possible to change, and can wanting LGBT, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and tra nsgender, youth to change lead to suicideRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality: Nature Versus Nurture2099 Words   |  9 PagesHOMOSEXUALITY: NATURE VERSUS NURTURE Nature; all things belong to Mother Nature; the trees, the flowers, insects, the great waters, animals, and even the human race; all following the laws of nature that we are instinctively born with. However somewhere along the line something or someone defies those laws and go against what nature intended. Whether or not this rebellion is fostered by nurture, or if there is an exception to the laws that Mother Nature has set forth is a question that psychologistRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture?1275 Words   |  6 Pages Homosexuality is one of the most hot button issues in America today. Everyone has an opinion, some based on religious views others based on other external factors. People are afraid to talk about it because it’s something we don’t actually fully comprehend. This is because it scares people to admit they don’t know something. We need to find out if being a homosexual is something we are born with, or is it something we learn over time. Review of the Research There have been many research studiesRead MoreHomosexuality : Nature And Nature871 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality: Nature or nurture By: Clifnie francois Advance Placement Psychology Mr. Cuetara June 4 2015 Abstract The nature and nature of homosexuality is heavily debated. Some people believe that homosexuality is biologically determined and others believe it’s base on ones environment. This topic can be argue to be base on both nature and nurture. Studies conducted in the past decades support both the biological and environmentalRead MoreDifferences Between Homosexuality and Homosexual Behavior Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality (the tendency to be more sexually attracted to the same sex) is often confused with homosexual behavior (acting on homosexuality by engaging in homosexual acts), but the two are distinctly different. Even though homosexual behavior, especially in more recent years, has become an acceptable standard in our society it is a voluntary act and a sin, but the church has the ongoing responsibility and God-given call to love our neighbors, regardless of their sin because we too are all sinners

Children’s Literature Review Free Essays

Introduction This literature review explores the contemporary assumptions that underpin the theories and criticisms in children’s literature. Although this genre of literature has fairly recently been made into an academic discipline, it has become an increasingly important area in literary scholarship. Criticism of children’s literature has expanded beyond the field of pedagogy and literary studies and has been intersected by numerous other disciplines including psychology, history and queer theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Children’s Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are four main approaches to criticism of children’s literature; firstly, the â€Å"child-centric† approach, which attempts to define books that are inherently ‘good’ for children to read and why. The second approach concentrates on the construction of the child and their identity. The third approach merely focusses on the text itself, and completely disregards the audience in question. The value of the text is therefore measured only through the author’s standard of writing. The final approach focusses on children’s literature as a cultural study, and analyses the genre as an aspect of contemporary culture. This topic can be fairly broad, and as such, this analysis must be narrowed and focussed. This review therefore concentrates on drawing together significant theories and criticisms relating to children’s literature, and does so specifically through means of the second main approach to criticism; analysing how the child and their identity are constructed. Four topics divide the paper and directly relate to my doctoral research: â€Å"The difficulties in defining children’s literature†, â€Å"The rejection of simplistic texts and the underlying ideologies that are present†, â€Å"The problematic colonialism of the child debate that exists within the adult-child relationship† and â€Å"Presenting the postcolonial in children’s texts – defining ‘the other’ and identity in literature†. Defining Children’s Literature – â€Å"The Difficulties† Defining children’s literature can be quite problematic, as one definition can differ extensively from another; depending primarily on the culture in question. For instance, the age range of the ‘child’ can vary from 0-3, 4-6, 7-9 and 10-12 in western culture.[1] Furthermore, the reading level of children is under constant scrutiny, as it can be argued that children have no input in the creation of the texts that they are subject to. In his recent attempt to generate a working definition of this diverse group of texts, Perry Nodelman contends that â€Å"defining children’s literature has been a major activity of criticism throughout its history†.[2] John Rowe Townsend suggests it is impossible to define children’s literature as the possession of ‘the child’: â€Å"Children’s implies that young people own or control a body of texts that are generally written, published, reviewed and bought by adults†.[3] Townsend also suggests abandoning such definitions.[4] Karin Lesnik-Oberstein asserts that there is a faulty grouping of children into one neat category as â€Å"children†, with no regard to their individualism.[5] Oberstein also introduces a paradox within children’s literature that denotes: â€Å"Children’s literature repeatedly refutes this; claiming that ‘individuality’ is its priority above all else†¦ This is precisely the claim which cannot be sustained and is undermined within the field itself†¦ The ‘child’ is an ‘individual’ within the category of ‘childhood’†.[6] The author is suggesting that the literary world deems the child as being part of an autonomous group rather than the child being a ‘young adult’ or moreover, a sentient being. Nodelman observes that although it is difficult to clearly define what is considered children’s literature, it does not mean that some texts do not clearly fall into the category.[7] For instance, classic fairy tales such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs[8] have and always will be judged as part of the child’s canon of literature, if only for its extensive history. In Nodelman’s The Hidden Adult, McDowell presents the obvious defining characteristics that set children’s texts apart from other genres of literature. Namely, these characteristics include universality; ‘good over evil’ and moral teachings.[9] Although defining characteristics in children’s texts serves to neatly organise muddled definitions, it is perhaps too ideological and simple an approach. Just because children’s texts have â€Å"universal structural traits and patterns common to all children’s literature†[10]; to link them is impossible. This theory assumes that children’s texts remain similar at all times and do so within all cultures. This is certainly not true. The prospect of ‘good and evil’ is subjective amongst all cultures. By linking this philosophy to children’s texts, Shavit is thereby declaring that all tales that oppose the western ideal of universality (for example) can’t app ropriately be labelled as children’s literature as differing views of what is inherently ‘good’ will surface from culture to culture. Thus, it is with the boxed definition that Shavit and Nodelman employed that the definition of children’s literature is explained in a very Eurocentric manner.[11] Recent definitions of the genre have attempted to avoid the generalization of children; although this has proven extremely difficult because of contemporary ideology that states plots do not deviate from the same basic forms.[12] Children’s literature is extraordinarily simplified as a result of this theory, and conforms to the â€Å"binary approach that underlies all adult thinking about children in the centuries in which a ‘special’ literature has existed. The understanding of children is determined purely in terms of their opposition to, lack of, and subordination to maturity.†[13] This demonstration of children’s literature arguably only serves to stereotype and de-humanise its adult authors, who have since become the harbingers of patronising connotations. Throughout the literature’s history, they have depicted children as fundamentally incapable, single-minded, vulnerable, and above all, completely innocent. Adult’s definitions of child-driven narratives have consequently indoctrinated this view onto their child readers’ minds. The hierarchy of age is still present, whether or not the intent is for the best. In The Hidden Adult, Nodelman proposes: â€Å"In working to construct childhood as a smaller and more protected version of being human; a safe home separate from the more dangerous world around it, children’s literature paradoxically closets its adulthood and keeps it a safely hidden secret that allows for the supposed safety and innocence of the protective structure that surrounds it.†[14] Here Nodelman has clearly highlighted the difficulties of defining children’s texts. Doing so works only to alienate children from the real ‘adult’ world, he suggests, which results in children being judged as completely un-educated, delusional and almost mythical in their state of innocence. Would it not better treat the child to expose them to more practical scenarios that they could relate to in realityThis will be answered later. As it stands, children’s literature is defined through its message rather than its artistic value. However, Marah Gubar has counter-acted this point and argued in Artful Dodgers: Reconceiving the Golden Age of Children’s Literature that children’s literature can be â€Å"rich in irony, in ambiguity and in linguistic subtlety† and suggests that the essentialism of children tends to narrow out vision.[15] It should not be forgotten that these texts are still works of literature; and their construction, together with their command over language is the cornerstone for their success. The fact of the matter still remains that children’s literature is arguably indefinable, being as though the child readers themselves do not take part in their construction at all. One can still afford to discuss and dissect the genre, however, as it is part of the literary world. In light of this, and in order to distinguish children’s texts from other texts, it has been largely determined that the genre deals with literature written for, or mainly read by, children between the ages of 1 and 16, in formats and styles ranging from the picture book to the young adult novel. Ideology – â€Å"No Text is Simple† Children’s literature is most usually seen in binary of â€Å"good† for children, or as â€Å"bad† for children. Child-centric criticisms usually focus upon this binary divide and look at what is â€Å"good† for the child – in reading and in types of texts the child reads. Although this approach is fairly out-dated in children’s literature studies, it is still used by many educators and librarians around the world. It is also included in the many â€Å"best of† collections for analysing children’s literature. Keeping in mind the development of the child, child-centric ideology considers this the most important aspect of children’s literature. To further this point, Bruno Bettelheim reinforces the importance of fairy tales in his book The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales[16]. Here, Bettelheim asserts that fairy tales are an integral part of a child’s development and that they are of the utmost importance in nurturing the child’s growth and understanding of the world. He emphasizes that by dealing â€Å"with universal human problems, particularly those which pre-occupy the child’s mind, these stories speak to the child’s budding ego and encourage its development†[17]. Although Bettelheim only assesses fairy tales, this theory of a â€Å"moral good† is still a method of judgement used today. Adult readers and parents of child readers will seek out the morally good message in children’s literature in order for their consent to be given. This is severely problematic, as Jack Zipes points out in Second Thoughts on Socialization Through Literature for Children[18]. He rejects Bettelheim’s analysis of fairy tales and argues that, along with the rest of children’s literature, the texts are not for children. Instead, Zipes stresses that children’s literature never belonged to children in the first place, and that it is in fact â€Å"a script coded by adults for the information and internalization of children which must meet the approbation of adults†.[19] In The Hidden Adult, Nodelman agrees that adults write these stories in order to acculturate the child towards the adult’s definitions of proper behaviour, mannerisms and socialization.[20] Whilst this might seem like warped philosophy, it does give reason for the texts to be created; to compliment the lower-reading level standard that is more easily relatable to children who wish to involve themselves in reading as a hobby or past-time . The adult writer-child reader relationship also presents another method of acculturating the child. Nodelmen in The Hidden Adult shed some light on how engrained adult assumptions are in supposedly innocent and simplistic texts: â€Å"Children’s literature is not simple. The most rudimentary of baby books comes to exist and has meaning only within a complex context of assumptions about books, about babies, about books for babies, about language and visual imagery, about education, about pleasure, and about the economy and the marketplace†.[21] Regardless then, of complexity or artistic construct; no form of text is without ideology. It is inevitable, and a product of contemporary belief; not to mention a product of what will sell a good amount of copies in the marketplace, as stated by Nodelman. In Ideology and the Children’s Book[22], Peter Hollindale assumes this position as well, and advocates it is â€Å"because of the multiplicity and diversity of both ‘book’ and ‘child’ and of the social world in which each of these seductive abstractions takes a plenitude of individual forms†. Hollindale also suggests three levels of ideology in texts. The first is formed of â€Å"the explicit social, political and moral beliefs of the individual writer and his/her wish to recommend them to children throughout the story†. Hollindale believes that this type of ideology is mostly deliberate, and overtly promotes the message that the writer wishes to convey. However, Hollindale argues that this is mostly to an unhappy consequence, in which the â€Å"ideological explicitness is often achieved at the cost of imaginative depth†. The second category of ideology within children’s texts is the un-examined assumptions and ideologies that the writer infuses into the work. It is nearly impossible to confine the subliminal or passive values of the writer. These values will be relocated into the text and into the overall sense of the storyline. They are then relayed to the reader through subtle and often unconscious choices of language and imagery. Furthermore, Hollindale affirms that â€Å"un-examined, passive values are widely shared values†¦ (and one should not) underestimate the powers of reinforcement vested in quiescent and unconscious ideology†. The third category of ideology is one that suggests our thinking â€Å"may be affected by an over-simplified stereotype of possible authority and influence†¦. (and that) writers for children are transmitters not of themselves uniquely, but of the worlds they share.† The fictional universe that is made up for children in their literature is therefore a product of not only the individual writer, but of the values that were bestowed upon them when they were a child themselves. Colonialism of the Child Jacqueline Rose in The Case of Peter Pan or the Impossibility of Children’s Fiction[23] looks at J.M. Barrie’s Peter Pan[24] in order to present differing interpretations of children’s literature and asks â€Å"what adults, through literature, want or demand of the child,† rather than â€Å"what children want, or need from literature.† Furthermore, she identifies a problematic adult-child relationship in literature. She explains that children’s literature published for children is â€Å"a way of colonizing (or wrecking) the child†.[25] Nodelman, in The Hidden Adult argues using similar threads and relates Edward Said’s Orientalism to the case of children and their literature. The adult is seen as the colonizer and the child is seen as the colonized. Peter Hunt (literary critic) reinforces this point by concluding books that are ‘written for’ children are more appreciated by their adult counterparts.[26] As a result, the relationship between writer and reader seems to be fairly one-sided, as the books then become texts that are written by adults, for adults. The child, quite notably, is taken out of the picture all together, as if they have been thoroughly colonized by adults and forced to grow up. Nodelman explains that ultimately, adults can’t escape the role of the colonizer because they are the only party that has the ability and foresight to write children’s books that will withstand the test of time. â€Å"In order to combat colonization, I am recommending a benevolent and helpful colonizing attitude towards children†,[27] Nodelman suggested. However, if one is to conclude that no children’s literature exists that is not colonizing, what does this mean for the future of children’s booksAre we to simply stop writing books that have been read and loved by generations of children over centuriesOr is contemporary society merely becoming too carried away with social practiceOr furthermore; are we too afraid of damaging children’s innate â€Å"innocence† with any pre-mature thought of the adult world? Granted, this lack of urgency is less prominent in literature targeted at adolescence, but the types of literature published and chosen to be highlighted must also be taken into consideration in that genre as well. In conclusion, it seems that in terms of controlling relationships, adults are continuing to colonize children in literature, through an un-avoidable turn of events. Post Colonialism – The â€Å"Other† and Identity in Literature â€Å"Child psychology and children’s literature can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing with childhood – dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it; in short, child psychology and children’s literature as an adult style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over childhood.†[28] This quotation demonstrates the thorough colonization of the child through literature that is aimed solely at them. Whilst this section deals with post-colonization, it is necessary to address the effects that colonization had on the world in a political and social sense. For instance, a divide was created between the West and the Orient. Both senses of each culture’s identity were molded within their given territories, as well as against one another’s given territory. A western child grows up knowing that he is a western child, and at the same time develops knowledge of the oriental child. Therefore an identity is made to suit himself, whilst another foreign identity is made to suit the oriental child in his eyes. In post-colonial society, the decolonized child develops a post-colonial identity that has since stemmed from being colonized by their own society. Children are influenced by the â€Å"good and the bad† of the previous generations. They are influenced to read materials given to them by their parents – materials that the parents themselves have deemed worthy and acceptable of the child’s embrace. Again, there is no possible room for a world in which colonization does not exist in the parent-child relationship. There is still the role of the colonizer (played by the parent) and the role of the colonized (played by the child). The colonizer’s influence is strong and un-deniable on the child, much like the influence that the British Empire had during its reign over India. Clare Bradford exhibits this point well in her book Unsettling Narratives: Post-Colonial Readings of Children’s Literature[29], in so far that she observes how mainstream cultures have used and recycled the same classic narrative discourses for decades. Clare suggests that this is a mere reinforcement of colonization, and that the movement is a product of children having been colonized by their parents for the whole of child literature’s history. Bradford has pointed out the perpetuating cycle of this activity; and how it will never change because of the relationship found between the colonizer and the colonized i.e. parent and child. With this passing down of identity from colonizer to colonized, the child begins to forge his or her own will to carry on the generational hierarchy, and indeed, their own will to recognize their identity from others. Nodelman touches upon this point very well in The Other†¦, by comparing Orientalism to common assumptions about children’s literature and childhood itself. His discovery was triggered by Edward Said’s Orientalism[30], which acts as a commentary about the ways the West views the East. It dictates that by analyzing and authorizing views about the Orient, we are also dominating and restructuring it, much in the same way as we are dominating and re-structuring childhood by allowing adults to write about it. Roderick McGillis reinforces this point by using the example of cowboys and Indians at the start of his book Voices of the Other: Children’s Literature and the Postcolonial Context[31]. After observing how some boys act out the massacre of 40,000 native Indians because their cowboy idols are doing so, he determines that â€Å"the success of American culture amounts to a colonizing activity that these boys appear to accept readily and unquestioningly.† The same activity that McGillis noticed in these boys happens within all veins of children’s literature; children are accepting Peter Pan (for instance) without question, and addressing morals and universalities much in the same way as their beloved protagonist does. In conclusion, it is evident that modern post-colonial society can’t escape the relationship it has between adult-writer and child-reader. It is an observation that could be seen on the surface as being sinister, but one has to remember that adults were children once too. Who better is there to teach a child how to actDevelopmentally, humans are creatures of imitation. In this respect, literature should also be deemed as so. Bibliography Barrie, J.M. 2013. Peter Pan. UK. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN-10: 1484102827. Bettelheim, B. 1991. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. UK. Penguin Books. ISBN-10: 0140137270. Bradford, C. 2007. Unsettling Narratives: Postcolonial Readings of Children’s Literature. UK. Wilfrid Laurier University ISBN-10: 0889205078. Brothers Grimm. 1987. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. UK. Square Fish. ISBN-10: 0374468680. Gubar, M. 2010. Artful Dodgers: Reconceiving the Golden Age of Children’s Literature. S. OUP USA. ISBN-10: 0199756742. Pp. 45. Hollindale, P. 1988. Ideology and the Children’s Book. UK. Thimble Press. ISBN-10: 0903355264. Hunt, P. 1994. An Introduction to Children’s Literature. USA. Oxford University ISBN-10: 0192892436. Lesnik-Oberstein, K. 2004. Children’s Literature: New Approaches. UK. Palgrave Macmillian. ISBN-10: 1403917388. 2008. The Hidden Adult: Defining Children’s Literature. UK. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN-10: 0801889804. Pp. 188. McGillis, R. 2012. Voices of the Other: Children’s Literature and the Postcolonial Context (Children’s Literature and Culture). UK. Routledge, ISBN-10: 0415653150. 14-20, Chp. 43. McGillis, R. 2000. Voices of the Other. UK. Routledge. ISBN-10: 081533284. Nodelman, P. 2008. The Hidden Adult: Defining Children’s Literature. UK. Johns Hopkins University ISBN-10: 0801889804. Pp. 163. Nodelman, P. 1992. The Other: Orientalism, Colonialism and Children’s Literature. Children’s Literature Association Quarterly. Vol. 17, No. 1. Pp. 29 – 35. Penguin Group USA. 2013. Accessible: http://www.us.penguingroup.com/static/pages/youngreaders/children/booksbyage.html. Last Accessed 24/10/2013 Rose, J. 1984. The Case of Peter Pan or the Impossibility of Children’s Fiction. S. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN-10: 0812214358. Said, E. 1979. UK. Vintage. ISBN-10: 039474067X. Shavit, Z. 2010. Poetics of Children’s Literature. S. University of Georgia Press. ISBN-10: 0820334812. Townsend, J. R. 1971. Standards of Criticism for Children’s Literature. S. American Library Association. Pp. 194. Zipes, J. 1981. Second Thoughts on Socialization Through Literature for Children. The Lion and the Unicorn Vol. 5. UK. The Johns Hopkins University Pp. 19-32. How to cite Children’s Literature Review, Essay examples

The Early History of Perak free essay sample

The history of Perak started during the seat of empire was at Beruas which British knew nothing. A few carved tombstones represent all what had happen during the time on the early history of the country. If the Malay tradition is right in saying that the great arm of the sea at the Dindings was once an outlet of the Perak river we can easily understand the importance of Beruas, combining as it did the advantages of a perfect landlocked harbour with a commanding situation at the mouth of the greatest waterway in the western half of the Peninsula. Although Beruas was powerful, the ‘Malay Annals’ tell us, before even the mythical ancestors of the Malacca dynasty appeared on the famous hill of Siguntang, it had begun to decline as the river silted up. In the days of Sultan Mahmud (A. D. 1500) Beruas had so far fallen that its king did homage to Malacca in mere gratitude for assistance against a petty rival village. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early History of Perak or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After the Achehnese invasion the place entirely disappears from history. Point State history began with the coronation of Sultan Muzaffar Shah l that was the descended of Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca in l528. The ruling is carried out will be the order of the feudal system almost the same as in the democratic of Malacca. Perak is known after the discovery of rich ground that is the discovery of tin in Larut in l848 by Ms. Long Jaafar. With this the State economy growing rapidly and more mining areas were opened. In addition to tin, rubber also played an important role after the rubber trees promoted in the State. The implications of the economic developments have been foster a pluralistic society, especially for the Chinese who worked in the mines in the state. British has long been put on interest to the State has intervened through the Pangkor Treaty l874 when there is unrest in Windhoek. From this intervention Resident administrative system was introduced by the British with JWWBirch as its first Resident of Perak. The system is expected to bring about the implications of the Resident is good at first, but because its implementation is absurd and to the attitude of the indigenous people who do not want to be colonized, there has been antagonism that was led by Datuk Maharaja Lela. As a result JWWBirch killed in 1875 under the order of Datuk Maharaja Lela in Teluk Intan due to the arrogant  and  disrespectful. Resident System was also continued until the arrival of the Japanese in Malaya in 194l that caused chaos. Perak State also suffered during the Japanese invasion of bitterness until l945. British scene after the Japanese surrender has not ended, but continued until the emergency occurred in 1948 caused by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). Violence is rampant in the State in which the MCP is responsible about it. After the Japanese occupation in Malaya, the Malay states are not stable. British had to cope with the emergency state of nationalism for independence among the Malays and also the other races. British used every effort to maintain its position by introducing a number of administrative systems such as the Malayan Union in l946. The Malays leader bringing the masses together with the chiefs of state against an all-out all the British system that is Malayan Union until the British declared the independence of Malaya in l957. Malayan independence, freedom means the states of Perak and affiliates are one of the states. The rapid progression still continues to run until now after 34 generations of the Sultans ruled. By fondly nationalists neither Perak Sultan himself nor his followers, the shrine-tomb was restored and conserved, and declared as a monument and a hero back home. It should be a son, grandson, great-great-men and others from the side of the seed from generation to generation until the last one. Laws of the Constitution never sanctioned and is prohibited to select and appoint a person other than the Sovereign such offspring of the previous Sultan as long as there is life such an issue of the Sultan with the condition that the Sovereign has not had a large and heavy defects for which the it tidal the Islamic Laws will be approved by a Sovereign. If at the time there is no offspring of the previous Sultan seed, it is imperative that elected and appointed as a Sultan of them as are from the seeds of the first Sultan. If the absence of a person eligible to be appointed to the Sovereign, the choice of appointment shall be submitted to the Sovereign of weights, the penalty and the decision of the Senate. After the Sovereign been promulgated, two shall be appointed by the future Sultan of the Sovereign on the advice of the Senate. Two titles are held by the Prospective Sultan was the Raja Muda and Raja confluence of. The title King of Tresurer has been reinstated ti the regular YABhg title. Orang Kaya-Kaya Seri Maharaja Treasyrer and the title YAM Majesty the Sultan of the Treasurer, the Sultan Wazirul Wakilus-Kabir. Future appointment of Sultan is based on the conditions as required for a Sovereign. Before implementing its rights or conduct half-he said, the future Sultan required to take and subscribe the oath prescribed by the Senate. Oath contains the words that follow the sense of the person appointed. Then the title was awarded by Malay custom. However, before a person appointed to be the future Sultan, one usually must first hold the Kings title. Title given to the rulers called is as follows: 1) Raja Kecil Bongsu 2) Raja Kecil Tengah 3) Raja Kecil Sulong 4) Raja Kecil Besar 5) Raja Di Hilir 6) Raja Muda 7) Sultan and Yang DiPertuan Normally the Reagent would be appointed Sovereign after the death of the Sovereign (the Sultan) and the King in the Lower that will take place vacant by the Raja Muda and Raja Di Hilir placed was replaced by Raja Kecil Besar and so on until the title of Raja Kecil Bongsu is vacated. Usually a new Sovereign to bestow the title of Raja Kecil Bongsu to his eldest son. However, the Laws of the Constitution states that the Perak State Government in the selection of the future Sultan, the first consideration should be given to the candidates who closely follow the order of the rank order of Sultan and then to each of the Kings called the improper position before considering any one of the top general level of those who should be elected to the Sovereign.